Life Therapeutics Presents the First Three Chapters Free!
Cockroaches
It’s moving slow; then off it goes like a gun’s been
Shot, and the race is on.
Then it stops again. That’s how they move. Start and stop, stop and start.
That’s how people are too. Just bigger starts and bigger stops. Awake and sleep, sleep and awake.
I think of them as our roommates. We have so many roommates. And what did my roommate have to say today?
It’s like a tiny crunching. If a twig could talk, words were put through a blender, then used again. If a tree whispered as softly as it could, so softly you convinced yourself it was all in your head.
That’s something what a cockroach sounds like if you get close enough. Just make sure it doesn’t touch your face.
And if one gets in your food, throw away the food. They’re dirty.
Speaking of dirty, don’t use the dishes on top. They’ve probably been walked all over. And who knows what else.
If it’s dark, walk on your tippy-toes. You’ll have less chance of stepping on one. It’s an ugly feeling to press the body of a bug into your skin with one quick crush.
Last of all, don’t leave things on the floor or counter, like your toys or games—the same reason as the dishes.
I tried talking to someone at school about all this, but he said he “doesn’t have cockroaches.” It made me wonder what he did have.
Everyone’s different, I suppose.
The Dark
A lot of people are afraid of it. I’ve heard them say so. They’re so scared of what they can’t see.
It’s different for me. I’m afraid of what I can see. And hear.
Some nights, when I close my eyes and lie down, there’s a moment of silence and then a distant scream inside my head. I jump up, like one of those blow-up dolls you hit just to have it swing back up so you can hit it again because that’s what people like doing.
My parents let me sleep in their bed when this happens. When they need to sleep, I stop jumping up, even though I want to, and just open my eyes real quick. The screaming stops if I’m awake. When I begin to doze off that it’s much too noisy to sleep.
My mom says she’ll pray for me. That means she’ll ask God to solve the problem. She says it’s “mortal mind” causing my problems, which means my mind. So I guess if I think right, I’ll get better. But I don’t know how to think right. I’m too tired.
I lie awake for hours and hours, then at some point, I just wake up, and it’s the next day. I never can remember falling asleep. It just happens eventually. I suppose it’s like fainting.
But until that happens, I watch the darkness. It’s always moving. Shadows come slowly toward me, slow like they’re on their tippy-toes and trying to sneak up on me right in front of me. But mostly, the darkness just floats around in chunks, like it’s been broken into pieces. It’s like the darkness is relaxing in a pool, the way they move, like something tied to a string and hung where there’s always a slight breeze.
I tried to tell my mom that shadows move, and she told me to stop being silly. That’s what she says when I’m afraid of things. That’s why I don’t tell her much anymore. Anything that isn’t silly is prayed for and never seems to do anything.
Why is God not listening?
School
I just started sixth grade. I learn a lot there.
Today, I learned that it’s time to start doing my laundry. Someone made fun of me for wearing the same shirt two days in a row. I didn’t know this was a bad thing.
That’s how I learn most things. The other kids tell me. And sometimes they hit me or throw rocks at me. That’s when I learn the fastest.
Two things are hard about doing laundry:
1. Walking to the room with the machines. It’s not far, but I don’t like going outside too much. It’s where all the bugs and people are.
2. It costs money.
My parents have quarters sometimes. They keep them in a dirty cup in the shape of a duck. But sometimes the duck is empty. That’s when I make sure to wear different shirts anyway, carefully picking the least dirty one.
Wellness Solutions Presents the First Two Chapters Free
Chapter 1: Introduction
People have always believed—or continue to believe—that serotonin is the happy hormone and that elevating it has antidepressant effects.
Imagine if I told you that wasn’t at all true. For depression, anxiety, and other mental illnesses, SSRI medications are most frequently prescribed; over 90% of patients receiving antidepressant medication take one of these medications. Physicians prescribe it without hesitation, and the majority of them are unaware of the serious side effects or don’t even inform their patients of them. It’s more about balance therapy.
You may be wondering why so many people seem to benefit from SSRIs. After all, how come?
A few of the causes are as follows:
While all SSRI medications increase total serotonin levels and inhibit serotonin uptake, some of them also increase brain levels of allopregnanlone (a GABA agonist that is now approved for the treatment of depression), increase dopamine, inhibit histamine, and desensitize other serotonin receptors. This throws off our attempt to balance therapy.
One of the most widely used antidepressants, aeoni, for instance, inhibits the 5-HT2C and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors while also increasing allopregnanolone.
More serotonin receptors are antagonistic to more recent SSRIs that are being developed. This is due to the fact that medicine is finally catching up and realizing that depression cannot be “cured” by serotonin. Furthermore, although most SSRI users report feeling better, a major side effect of the drug is anhedonia, or a lack of enjoyment in life.
Dopamine is essentially the happy hormone that makes you feel motivated, enjoy life more, want to accomplish goals, and so forth. To learn more about increasing dopamine, go here.
Reducing stress will also have a significant impact on lowering serotonin because stress typically elevates serotonin in conjunction with an overactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, trauma and chronic stress can cause persistently elevated serotonin and hypersensitivity long after the initial stress has subsided.
A brief history
Allow me to briefly explain the history of serotonin. The enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) converts the amino acid tryptophan into serotonin. These enzymes come in two varieties: type I is found in the stomach and type II is found in the brain.
Between 95 and 99% of the body’s total serotonin is found in the gut, whereas only 1% is found in the brain. However, under abnormal circumstances, the brain can synthesize up to 60% of its serotonin from tryptophan. Additionally, there is a significant increase in gut serotonin production when the gut is irritated. Later, more on that.
Serotonin binds to a wide variety of receptors, including 5-HT1 to 5-HT7. For instance, 5-HT1 has four sub-receptors: 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, and 5-HT1D.
Because the serotonin receptor 5-HT1A functions as an auto-receptor, the body produces less serotonin when serotonin binds to the receptor. Thus, 5-HT1A functions as a kind of internal sensor for total serotonin and aids in the regulation of serotonin levels. On the other hand, desensitization of the receptor can result in persistently high serotonin levels. Not favorable.
We’ll delve deeper into each of the 14 serotonin sub-receptors that have been identified so far, as they all have distinct functions. I’ll do my best to make things as easy as possible.
Moreover, serotonin can bind to its receptors in the extracellular space after it is released from neurons. Then, the serotonin transporter, 5-HTT or SERT, rounds up the serotonin and returns it to the neurons. Reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) indicates increased extracellular serotonin, which can attach to serotonin receptors and enhance the effects of serotonin. Put another way, a low SERT is undesirable.
The primary enzymes that degrade serotonin into its primary metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), are aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A). Steady MAO-A activity will result in elevated serotonin flux. To raise serotonin levels, the majority of SSRI medications inhibit the MAO-A enzyme.
Through glucuronidation, which necessitates healthy liver function, serotonin produced in the gut is primarily eliminated or detoxified I.
Now that you have a solid understanding of the production, function, and breakdown of serotonin, let’s talk about some of its adverse effects when levels are raised.
Effects of elevated serotonin on the body
migraines, bronchoconstriction, asthma, and hives (in addition to histamine).
syndrome of chronic fatigue
immunodeficiency
Serotonin released from platelets or other cells causes edema and swelling in the joints.
slowed metabolism, which may lead to weight gain.
Sweating and flushing
Easily alarmed, jittery (due to adrenaline), sensitive to light, sound, and visual disruptions, and prone to head twitching I
In response to exercise, serotonin increases core temperature, which also contributes to decreased exercise endurance I. It is better to inhibit serotonin synthesis when exercising.
raises the hormone aldosterone, which also causes water retention and blood pressure to rise.
increases the release of prolactin, primarily via 5-HT2A I,
increases CRH, glucocorticoids, and ACTH (primarily through 5-HT2C), as well as glucocorticoid receptors through the 5-HT7 receptor I, thereby activating the adrenal axis.
increases the number of estrogen receptors (via 5-HT4) I
prevents the synthesis of testosterone
prevents the release of dopamine in the frontal cortex (via 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C)
Well enough of those worrisome, highly unwanted side effects. Going on to low serotonin maintenance.
I’m going to show you which supplements have been shown to lower serotonin after talking with you about the most crucial daily actions you can take to maintain low serotonin.
Chapter 2: The High Serotonin Personality
Unlike other neurotransmitters, serotonin is a complex neurotransmitter that affects every part of the body. Balanced therapy is essential. At the moment, it’s thought to help with anger, impatience, impulsivity, depression, anxiety, etc. The fact that people with these symptoms have lower levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA is one of the main causes of this. Because 5-HIAA is low, the research is predicated on the idea that brain serotonin is low. On the other hand, low 5-HIAA actually indicates that the brain is overproducing serotonin rather than that very little of it is being broken down.
Serotonin can be elevated in the brain in three main ways: first, by increasing its synthesis via tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2); second, by decreasing the function of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down serotonin; and third, by decreasing the function of the serotonin transporter, or SERT.
Serotonin will be raised as a result of low MAO-A and SERT activity, as well as elevated TPH. I don’t specifically address whether serotonin is good or bad and why in this piece; instead, I describe a possible personality trait of someone who has high serotonin. Remember that serotonin is most likely elevated in combination with other chemicals such as glutamate, nitric oxide, prolactin, estrogen, cortisol, histamine, prostaglandins, and so on. It is rarely, if ever, elevated on its own. Because serotonin increases the release of certain hormones, such as cortisol and glutamate, many of the personality traits associated with it may be caused by elevated levels of these hormones. Lowering cortisol or glutamate on its own, however, won’t completely resolve the issue because serotonin is the primary cause of the problem and won’t be greatly alleviated if it isn’t controlled.
Here are a few of the most typical”char’cteristics of high serotonin personalities:
weariness or sluggishness, fatigue quickly, and even chronic fatigue syndrome (caused by an increased 5-HT2A receptor)
Preventing TPH fatigue avoids this tiredness. But other neurotransmitters, such as cortisol, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, the serotonin:dopamine ratio, the kynurenine pathway, etc., are also implicated in fatigue in addition to serotonin.
Overexcitation (caused by elevated 5-HT2A receptor) includes ADD, ADHD, easily becoming distracted, anxiety, impulsivity, restlessness, overthinking, rumination, and other symptoms
Mental rigidity and inflexibility. Some studies claim that using psychedelics like LSD, mushrooms, etc. to activate the 5-HT2A receptor reduces rigid thinking. However, this is actually because these drugs stimulate the release of glutamate, which in turn stimulates the release of dopamine via the NMDA receptor. Dopamine is involved in creativity and flexible thinking . Additionally, people typically experience a type of “bliss” for a week or two following psychedelic exposure, which is caused by 5-HT2A downregulation.
depressed, melancholy, low spirits, diminished motivation to engage in other activities, such as going out and having fun, social anxiety and retreat, etc.
Decreased cognitive function (not necessarily ignorance, but mental intuition) But in a very authoritative way, they may believe they are knowledgeable and possess all the answers.
Narcissistic: grandiose delusions, power fantasies, inflated sense of self-importance, need for unceasing admiration, etc.
Diminished sensory perception, including anhedonia, apathy, diminished auditory, taste, smell, sensation, and musical euphoria.
excessively critical and biased in the negative
Negative, cynical, and incapable of seeing the good in life
Feel “icky” and frequently ask to be left alone.
Assertiveness and non-assertiveness are completely uncorrelated (5-HT2C is inversely correlated with assertiveness) Rude and aggressive dominance may appear to be assertive. According to philosopher Eric Hoffer, “the weak man impersonating strength is rudeness.”
OCD (5-HT2C activation decreases dopamine and noradrenaline and increases compulsivity)
aversive, passive-aggressive, but also capable of extreme violence and aggression
Give no thought to the repercussions of poor choices. Another possible cause of this could be low dopamine, which gives less weight to the severity of negative outcome. Life seems pointless or like a joke.
Sensitivity to and increased expectation of stimuli related to threats, punishment, and unfavorable feedback
Emotionally unstable people are emotional and argumentative about their beliefs and viewpoints, highly sensitive to emotional triggers (feeling like you have to walk on eggs around them), and easily triggered emotionally as a result of a traumatic experience with someone in the past.
Bullying is typically the result of early-life trauma from being physically or mentally abused, which leads to the victim becoming the aggressor.
Decreased psychomotor performance, memory, attention, planning ability, and verbal fluency. Nonetheless, people with high levels of serotonin and estrogen tend to talk a lot because these chemicals encourage the need to communicate.
Terrified – terrified of failing, lacking self-assurance and self-promotion.
Futile obedience (because they don’t want to upset anyone, are afraid, are “zombified,” don’t question things, etc.) and futile patience (continue waiting for something, even if it’s unlikely or unreasonable)
Thoughts and even attempts at suicide/
Infatuated
Bipolar mania – mood swings/ Helpful mechanisms include the histamine receptor H1, the 5-HT1A receptor’s agonism (which lowers serotonin), and the 5-HT2A receptor’s antagonism (which lowers excess glutamate).
Intermittent explosive disorder violent, aggressive, easily agitated, and argumentative.
Psychopathic
Unlikable: Research indicates that men perceive women with high serotonin levels as less attractive and respond to them more violently. Those with high serotonin levels do, however, tend to draw in other like-minded individuals.
Of course, not everyone with high serotonin will have the same personality traits; you may know someone who exhibits some or many of the traits but not all of them. This is caused by variations in hormone levels between individuals as well as variations in receptor expressions.
However, in general, individuals with high serotonin have low dopamine and are more likely to be unstable, negative, prone to making poor decisions and cognitive errors, pessimistic (though they can also be overly (fake) optimistic and have a lot of fake confidence), lean on other people’s energy, possess all the answers and be overly logical rather than creative, depressed, irritable and truly annoying, passive-aggressive/up-in-your-face aggressive, enjoy picking on others to make themselves feel better, think highly of themselves (but deep down are highly insecure and lash out if any insecurity is exposed), can’t take something to be incorrect, etc.
To put it even more succinctly, serotonin is primarily associated with two types of personalities: one is assertive, dominant, narcissistic, authoritative, and controlling, and the other is more weak, depressed, anxious, and socially isolated (feel sorry for me). One can also be a combination of the two (“two-faced”, split personality etc.).
Kids in Motion Presents the First Three Chapters Free
Chapter 1: Mediterranean Diet
The Mediterranean diet consists almost entirely of foods that come from plants and is considered a helping hearts diet.
Oldways is an organization that, along with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the World Health Organization, created the Mediterranean diet pyramid 25 years ago. At the top of the pyramid are the core foods, which include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, herbs, spices, nuts, and olive oil. The organizations suggest consuming fish and seafood on a twice-weekly basis in addition to moderate amounts of dairy products, eggs, and poultry. Only on occasion would consumers indulge in red meat and sweets. This kind diet is where it gets its reputation for helping hearts.
What are the Advantages and Detriments of Following a Mediterranean Diet?
If you’re on the fence about adopting a diet more typical of the Mediterranean, you should think about the studies that support the idea. According to the findings of a study and a meta-analysis, an individual’s likelihood of dying from any cause is reduced by five percent for every point that is added to their Mediterranean diet score on a scale that ranges from one to nine.
A study that involved over 26,000 women found that those who followed the Mediterranean diet the most closely had up to a 28 percent lower risk of developing heart disease. The researchers believe that the diet’s ability to reduce inflammation may be a key factor in its protective effect. In addition, the antioxidant food component known as hydroxytyrosol, which may be found in foods that are staples of the diet (fruits, nuts, and extra-virgin olive oil), has been demonstrated to repair heart-harming free radical damage, according to the authors of the study. Helping hearts is one of the primary benefits of this diet
Even if you don’t place a high priority on living a long life and taking care of your heart, there is no ignoring the possibility that you could be interested in the Mediterranean diet due to the possible weight loss it offers. This kind of eating may help you maintain your weight without making you feel deprived, despite the fact that this is not the primary purpose of the strategy.
A study that was conducted by researchers from Harvard University and Emory University followed a group of overweight or obese adults on the Mediterranean diet and a control group eating a standard American diet supplemented with fish oil, walnuts, and grape juice — foods that supply key nutrients in the Mediterranean diet — for a period of eight weeks. A standard American diet is rich in foods that are high in saturated fat, added sugar, and salt. The Mediterranean diet is rich in foods that are low in these three categories. In comparison to the control group, those who followed the Mediterranean diet experienced greater weight loss, a reduction in the blood levels of inflammatory markers, and a decrease in both their total cholesterol and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels. A pleasant surprise was that this wasn’t supposed to be a study on weight loss in the first place (that was just an added benefit), so researchers made sure both groups consumed the same amount of calories.
When it comes to controlling chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, dietitians frequently suggest adopting a dietary pattern that is inspired by the Mediterranean. The American Heart Association notes that this diet is considered heart-healthy despite the fact that it contains more fat than is typically recommended (though it is still low in unhealthy saturated fat).
The main takeaway is that this is one of the healthiest ways you can eat, but as with anything else, you should always talk to your doctor before changing your diet or using a diet as part of your treatment plan for a disease.
5 Suggestions to Help You Get Started on Your Own Mediterranean Diet Plan
Because this is a method of eating rather than a strict set of rules, the good news is that you are free to modify it in any way you see fit to accommodate your preferences for food and drink. There is no way to adhere to this to the letter without risking falling off the bandwagon and experiencing feelings of inadequacy. Even within the Mediterranean diet there are what we call ‘special occasion days,’ where you may eat more or eat foods that perhaps are not very healthy, but that is actually part of the lifestyle. A healthy connection with food is encouraged by the Mediterranean diet, which recognizes that food is meant to be enjoyed. The term “cheating” refers to a component of the Mediterranean diet. You merely go about your business the following day as if nothing had happened.
Nevertheless, in order to get you started, here are five key pieces of advice:
Eat a diet high in beans. Not only are they a pantry staple that you probably aren’t eating enough of anyway, but they are also budget-friendly and offer a plethora of nutritional benefits, such as being high in fiber and protein, low in fat, and a source of B vitamins, iron, and antioxidants. Lentils, dried peas, beans, and chickpeas (such those used to make hummus) are examples of these foods.
Avoid drinking too much alcohol. One of the most popular misconceptions about folks who follow the Mediterranean diet is that they consume a great deal of red wine. The consumption of wine as part of the Mediterranean diet is done so in moderation, and it is always consumed with food. It was common practice to drink only a little amount of wine with meals, typically between three and four ounces.
Cook the meat as a side dish. In the past, people only ate meat on special occasions, such as a Sunday meal, and even then they only ate a limited amount of it on those occasions. You should make an effort to eat more vegetarian main courses throughout the day, such as those that are based on beans, tofu, or seitan. When you do eat meat, choose lean cuts like chicken without the skin and limit your consumption of red meat to once a week or twice a month at most.
Consume fewer sugary foods. Treat sweets like you would meat and save them for rare occasions but on a daily basis, there isn’t much sugar eaten. This does not mean that sugar is forbidden; for instance, you can put some in your coffee if you want to.
Olive oil is great to cook with. The best oil for cooking is extra-virgin olive oil, so always use that. Because olive oil is high in heart-healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, you may feel good about keeping a bottle of it on hand in the kitchen even though using too much of it might cause weight gain (it is, after all, a fat, so the calories can mount up quickly).
A Comprehensive Food List for the Mediterranean Diet
When attempting to make your diet more Mediterranean, the following foods should be included and others should be avoided:
Protein
Liberally
Beans
Lentils
Chickpeas
Tofu
Tempeh
Seitan
Occasionally
Chicken
Fish
Seafood
Eggs
Rarely or Never
Red meat (beef and pork)
Cured meats (bacon, sausage, and salami)
Processed meat products (chicken nuggets)
Oil and Fat
Liberally
Extra-virgin olive oil
Avocadoes and avocado oil
Olives
Occasionally
Canola oil
Rarely or Never
Trans fats
Margarine
Butter
Fruits and Veggies
Liberally
Nonstarchy veggies, (zucchini, eggplant, bell peppers, artichokes, and dark greens)
Starchy veggies (sweet potatoes, potatoes, and root vegetables)
All fruits (peaches, cherries, apricots, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, and blackberries)
Occasionally
There are no off-limits fruits or vegetables.
Rarely or Never
No fruits or veggies are off-limits.
Nuts and Seeds
Liberally
While they can be part of every day, eat them in moderation.
Occasionally
Almonds
Pistachios
Hazelnuts
Walnuts
Cashews (and all other unsweetened nuts)
Rarely or Never
Sweetened trail mixes
Sweetened nut butters
Sugar-coated nuts
Grains
Liberally
Whole-grain bread (look for whole-wheat flour as the first ingredient)
Whole grains (farro, bulgur wheat, barley, and quinoa)
Oatmeal (steel-cut or old-fashioned)
Occasionally
Pasta (choose whole-wheat pasta whenever possible)
Couscous
Whole-grain crackers
Polenta
All-bran cereals
Rarely or Never
Frozen waffles and pancakes
Sugar-sweetened cereals
Crackers and other snack foods
Dairy
Liberally
These are consumed in moderation.
Occasionally
Plain Greek yogurt
Plain ricotta and cottage cheese
Milk
Brie, feta, or goat cheese (plus other cheeses that you enjoy)
Rarely or Never
Ice cream
Sweetened yogurt
Processed cheese (like American)
Sweeteners
Liberally
These are consumed in moderation.
Occasionally
Honey
A small amount of added sugar (in coffee or tea, for example)
Rarely or Never
White sugar
Condiments and Sauces
Liberally
Tomato sauce (no sugar added)
Pesto
Balsamic vinegar
Occasionally
Aioli
Tahini
Tzatziki
Rarely or Never
Barbecue sauce
Ketchup
Teriyaki sauce
Drinks
Liberally
Water
Coffee
Tea
Occasionally
Red wine or other alcohol
Rarely or Never
Soda
Fruit juice
Bottled sweetened coffee
Herbs and Spices
Liberally
All dried herbs and spices
All fresh herbs
Garlic
Occasionally
Salting food to taste
Rarely or Never
There’s no reason to restrict these in your foods.
Your Guide to Following the Mediterranean Diet for the Next 14 Days
When it comes to arranging your menu, here are some suggestions for where to get started. Please take into consideration portion quantities aren’t provided. Calorie counting is not required while following this particular diet plan. Your body has unique requirements, and those of another individual won’t match up with them.
Day 1
Breakfast Coffee or tea with a bowl of oatmeal topped with berries
Snack Handful of almonds or walnuts
Lunch Half of a turkey sandwich made with whole-grain bread and a cup of lentil soup
Snack Sliced carrots, bell peppers, and cucumbers dipped in hummus
Dinner Veggie and white bean stew
Day 2
Breakfast Coffee or tea with plain Greek yogurt topped with a drizzle of honey and walnuts
Snack Roasted chickpeas
Lunch Leftover veggie and bean stew from yesterday’s dinner
Snack A peach (or apple, depending on the season)
Dinner Roasted chicken served with pita bread, tzatziki (a yogurt-based sauce), and a side salad
Day 3
Breakfast Smoothie made with the milk of your choice, fruit, and nut butter
Snack ¼ avocado mashed with lemon juice and salt on top of whole-grain crackers
Lunch Three-bean soup topped with a dollop of pesto and served with a whole-grain roll
Snack Package of olives and fresh veggies
Dinner Salmon with farro and roasted zucchini and eggplant
Day 4
Breakfast Coffee or tea and toasted whole-grain bread, sliced cheese, and strawberries
Snack Pistachios
Lunch Lentil-based salad with feta, roasted red peppers, sun-dried tomatoes, and olives
Snack Greek yogurt with fresh fruit
Dinner Grilled shrimp served with sautéed kale and polenta
Day 5
Breakfast Coffee or tea and a breakfast bowl of leftover farro (from dinner on day 3) topped with a poached egg and a few slices of avocado
Snack Dried apricots and walnuts
Lunch Quinoa, bean, and veggie salad served with a slice of whole-grain bread
Snack Whole-grain crackers and black bean dip
Dinner Marinated, grilled chicken skewers served with bulgur wheat and a cucumber and red onion salad
Day 6
Breakfast Coffee or tea and smoked salmon, capers, and tomato slices
Snack In-season fruit (such as a peach or two apricots in summer, or a pear in winter)
Lunch Mediterranean bean salad and whole-grain crackers
Snack Piece of cheese and olives
Dinner Moroccan lamb stew with couscous
Day 7
Breakfast Coffee or tea and Greek yogurt with sunflower seeds and raspberries
Snack Sliced orange and pistachios
Lunch A piece of whole-grain bread with sliced tomatoes, cheese, and olives
Snack Packaged, flavored lupini beans
Dinner Red lentil and vegetable stew
Day 8
Breakfast Coffee or tea and two eggs with sautéed greens (spinach or kale), plus an orange
Snack Roasted chickpeas
Lunch Leftover lamb stew from dinner on day 6
Snack Mixed nuts with a piece of dark chocolate
Dinner Baked white fish, roasted potatoes, and zucchini
Day 9
Breakfast Smoothie made with the milk of your choice, frozen cherries, banana, and cocoa powder
Snack Mini peppers stuffed with hummus
Lunch Tuna salad made with olive oil, dried herbs, olives, and sun-dried tomatoes served on a bed of spinach with mixed veggies and whole-grain crackers
Snack Piece of cheese with a piece of fruit
Dinner Hearty Tuscan white bean soup with whole-grain bread
Day 10
Breakfast Coffee or tea and a bowl of oatmeal topped with raisins and crushed walnuts, plus a drizzle of honey, if desired
Snack Greek yogurt and a piece of fruit
Lunch Leftover Tuscan white bean soup from dinner on day 9
Snack Hummus with sliced raw veggies like red peppers, celery, and cucumber
Dinner Garlic lemon chicken thighs served with asparagus and Israeli couscous
Day 11
Breakfast Coffee or tea and a slice of veggie frittata with avocado
Snack Apple with nut butter
Lunch Prepared dolmas (look for these stuffed grape leaves in the prepared food section at some grocers) with hummus and pita
Snack Greek yogurt dip with sliced veggies
Dinner Seafood stew (shrimp and white fish in a tomato base)
Day 12
Breakfast Coffee or tea and a small bowl of ricotta topped with fruit (berries, peaches, or fresh apricots) and a drizzle of honey
Snack Handful of lightly salted nuts (hazelnuts, pistachios, almonds, or a mix)
Lunch Greek pasta salad (whole-grain pasta with red onion, tomato, Kalamata olives, and feta) served on a bed of romaine
Snack Fruit salad
Dinner Leftover seafood stew from dinner on day 11
Day 13
Breakfast Coffee or tea and oatmeal with nut butter and blueberries
Snack Container of Greek yogurt
Lunch Salmon salad sandwich with a cup of bean-based soup
Snack Smashed avocado on whole-grain crackers
Dinner Shakshuka (baked eggs in tomato sauce) topped with feta and served over polenta
Day 14
Breakfast Coffee or tea and toasted whole-grain bread topped with ricotta and sliced fruit
Snack Dried cranberries and mixed nuts
Lunch Quinoa bowl with roasted sweet potatoes, goat cheese, and walnuts
Snack Olives and a few pita chips dipped in hummus
Dinner Artichoke and cannellini bean pasta with bread crumbs and Parmesan
s, and Parmesan cheese for supper.
Chapter 2: The DASH Diet
Rich in fruits, vegetables, healthy grains, low-fat dairy, and lean protein, the DASH diet is low in salt. DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. Originally, the diet was designed to help decrease hypertension, but it’s a healthy method of weight loss as well.
How It Works
Eating healthful foods is made easier with the DASH diet. This goes beyond a conventional low-salt diet. Foods rich in calcium, potassium, magnesium, and fiber are emphasized in the DASH diet because these nutrients work together to decrease blood pressure.
When following the DASH diet, you should consume lots of:
Heart-healthy fats found in avocados and canola and olive oils
It’s best to limit:
Sweets and drinks with added sugar
foods heavy in saturated fats, including most packaged snacks, fatty meals, full-fat dairy, and tropical oils
Use of alcohol
You can determine how many calories you need to consume each day with the assistance of your healthcare physician. Your age, gender, degree of activity, underlying medical issues, and whether or not you’re trying to maintain or reduce weight all affect how many calories you require.
You can adhere to a diet that permits you to consume 1,500 mg or 2,300 mg of salt (sodium) daily.
When adhering to the DASH diet, you ought to restrict your intake of the following foods:
foods seasoned with salt
drinks sweetened with sugar
meals heavy in saturated fats, like deep-fried dishes and whole-fat dairy products
packaged foods, which are frequently heavy in sugar, fat, and salt
Consult your provider before adding more potassium to your diet or using salt substitutes, which frequently contain potassium. People with kidney issues or those on specific medications need to watch how much potassium they eat.
Exercise
DASH suggests exercising for at least half an hour per day, most days of the week. The key is to engage in moderately intense exercises for a minimum of two hours and thirty minutes a week. Engage in heart-pumping workouts. Spend 60 minutes a day exercising to help avoid weight gain.
Health Advantages
Numerous studies have examined the many health advantages of the DASH diet. This eating plan may be helpful to follow to:
Reduce elevated blood pressure
Lower your chance of stroke, heart failure, and heart disease
assist in preventing or managing type 2 diabetes
lower cholesterol levels
Lower the likelihood of kidney stones
In developing the DASH diet, the National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute contributed. Additionally, it is advised by The Heart Association of America
You will get all the nutrients you require if you stick to this diet. It is secure for both kids and adults. It is a fiber-rich eating approach that is low in saturated fat and advised for all individuals.
It is a good idea to discuss any health conditions you may have with your provider before beginning this or any other weight loss eating plan.
You will probably be eating a lot more fruits, veggies, and whole grains when following the DASH diet eating plan. These foods are high in fiber, and consuming too much fiber too soon might lead to gastrointestinal distress. Increase your daily intake of fiber gradually, and make sure you’re getting enough water.
The diet is generally simple to stick to and ought to satisfy you. It’s possible that purchasing more fruits and vegetables than previously will result in higher costs compared to prepared meals.
You can follow the diet if you’re gluten-free, vegetarian, or vegan.
Books with recipes and advice on the DASH diet are also available for purchase.
There is also the DASH diet for hypertension and the DASH diet for blood pressure.
Chapter 3: The Flexitarian Diet
A plant-forward, semi-vegetarian diet is the general definition of the flexitarian diet.
More precisely, a flexitarian diet is a flexible eating pattern that promotes the consumption of meat less frequently and/or in smaller amounts, integrates dairy and eggs, and stresses the addition of plant or plant-based foods and beverages.
A flexitarian diet has no predetermined macronutrient or calorie targets.
The flexitarian diet’s tenets are in line with the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
According to new research, adopting a flexitarian diet may help manage weight and lower the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and some types of cancer.
The Fundamentals
The majority of Americans do not get enough dairy, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seafood, legumes (such as chickpeas, lentils, and beans, including soy), or legumes. A “flexitarian diet” aims to make dietary choices easier by emphasizing what can be added to the diet rather than what should be eliminated, even though a complete diet overhaul may seem daunting.
The combination of the terms “flexible” and “vegetarian” is the flexitarian diet. The term “flexitarian diet” refers to a semi-vegetarian, plant-forward diet that includes dairy and eggs and occasionally permits meat consumption, despite the lack of a universally accepted definition. Without necessitating adherence to the strict dietary guidelines of 100% vegetarian or vegan diets, the emphasis on plant foods is believed to contribute to the health benefits associated with a vegetarian diet.
A flexitarian diet has no predetermined macronutrient or calorie targets. Rather, the objective is to gradually increase the intake of plant-based or plant-derived foods; meat is still allowed; it is just to be consumed less frequently and/or in smaller amounts.
The majority of the calories in a flexitarian diet are derived from nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Plant-based foods (such as foods made from soy, legumes, nuts, and seeds) are the main source of protein. Dairy products and eggs are good sources of protein; meat, particularly red and processed meats, provides less of it. Owing to its focus on foods high in nutrients, the flexitarian diet promotes reducing intake of sodium, added sugars, and saturated fat.
Your Health and the Flexitarian Diet
Although less strict than a vegan or 100% vegetarian diet, a flexitarian diet can still be beneficial to health. The 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which advocate choosing comparatively less red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, and refined grains and more nutrient-dense foods and beverages (fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, low-fat dairy, lean proteins, and healthy fats), are in line with the plant-forward philosophy of a flexitarian diet.3.
A 2016 review of the evidence-based literature looked at the effects of switching to a flexitarian diet and included 25 studies (21 observational studies and 4 randomized controlled trials). Note that the definitions of the diets included in this review varied slightly: from “a diet recommending moderate levels of animal intake” to “a diet comprised of a total of red meat or poultry ≥1 time/month but all meats combined (including fish) <1 time/week and eggs/dairy in any amount.” The review discussed new data that points to the flexitarian diet as a potential means of lowering blood pressure, improving metabolic health indicators, and lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes. A semi-vegetarian or flexitarian diet may also be helpful in the management of inflammatory bowel conditions like Crohn’s disease, according to the same review.
The flexitarian diet’s emphasis on foods high in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, fiber, and protein is thought to be responsible for the foods’ protective effects.
A growing amount of research is looking at how flexitarian diets can affect heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and weight management, among other health issues.
Heart Conditions
A flexitarian or semi-vegetarian diet that increases the intake of plant-based foods may lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. A diet high in plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains, has been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), according to research.
Diabetes
Numerous studies have looked at the effects of plant-based diets on the risks associated with diabetes. Flexitarian diets are linked to significantly lower insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance levels compared to non-vegetarian diets. They also lower the risk of developing diabetes mellitus.
Cancer
Dietary patterns that are flexitarian or semi-vegetarian have been linked to a lower risk of developing some cancers, including colon cancer.10.
Control of Weight
A flexitarian diet that includes more plant-based foods may help with weight control. According to research, people who follow a flexitarian diet have significantly lower body fat percentages and body weights than people who follow non-vegetarian eating patterns.
Additional Advantages of Dietary Fiber Sources
Just around 5% of Americans meet the recommended daily intake of dietary fiber, which is 14 grams per 1,000 calories. The majority of Americans only consume about half of this recommended amount. A person’s daily intake of dietary fiber, which is important for gut and bowel health and facilitates proper digestion and nutrient absorption, can be increased by eating more plant-based foods. In addition, dietary fiber intake has been connected to a number of possible health advantages, such as a lower risk of hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, certain gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic dysfunctions like type 2 diabetes and prediabetes, and certain cancers.
Sources of Vitamins and Minerals through Diet
Numerous health-promoting vitamins and minerals, such as folate, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese, as well as vitamins A, C, E, and K, are found in plant-based diets. These nutrients are essential for the proper functioning of our immune systems, muscles, heart, nerves, skin, gut, brain, and eyes. Frequently, they are not ingested in sufficient quantities. Although the focus of this diet is primarily on the health benefits of plant-based foods, dairy and eggs are also permitted and offer additional nutrients and high-quality protein. Eggs provide vitamins A, D, E, choline, iron, lutein, and folate; dairy contains B vitamins, potassium, calcium, and vitamin D.
Effects on the Environment
Aside from the obvious health benefits, switching to plant-based diets from animal sources can also have a less harmful effect on the environment. When compared to omnivorous diets or animal foods, plant-based foods can help consumers meet functional and nutritional requirements while producing fewer greenhouse gas emissions.
It’s important to keep in mind, though, that these comparisons do not take into consideration the reduced bioavailability of some nutrients, like iron and protein, in specific plant-based diets. This indicates that some nutrients found in some plant foods are not absorbed by our bodies as well as they can by our bodies from animal foods. Therefore, when nutrient density is taken into account, the environmental footprints of some plant-based foods do indeed increase.
Ways to Initiate a Flexitarian Dining Plan
Arrange fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and healthy fats on your plate at every meal.
The majority of the time, choose plant-based foods (such as legumes, nuts, and seeds), dairy products, and eggs when selecting your protein sources.
Enjoy the flexibility of this plan; meat can be added occasionally; just watch the amount that you eat.
Incorporate a greater amount of whole, nutrient-dense foods into your diet, as this may help you eat fewer foods and drinks that are heavy in calories, saturated fat, added sugars, and salt.
To sum up
Fundamentally, the flexitarian diet promotes flexibility, which may be appealing to those seeking a less regimented approach to better health. This diet’s primary goal is to gradually increase a person’s intake of plants without cutting out animal products. The flexitarian diet, which places a strong emphasis on plant-based and vitamin-, mineral-, and fiber-rich foods, has been linked to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
True North Counseling Presents the First Three Chapters Free
Chapter 1: Stomach Acid
Your stomach acid’s pH might change depending on a number of things, including drugs and medical conditions, according to True North Counseling. A pH that is very high or low might lead to issues.
The lining of your stomach secretes a watery, white liquid known as gastric acid or stomach acid. Its strong acidity aids in the digestion of food by breaking it down. This facilitates the easier absorption of nutrients by your body when food passes through your digestive system.
The acidity of stomach acid is necessary to break down tough, fibrous vegetables as well as meat and can act as a sort of revive therapy.
To prevent sickness or other health issues, your body is made to withstand normal amounts of stomach acid.
Nevertheless, it’s possible that such systems don’t always function as intended. Consuming low- or high-acidity gastric juices might lead to further health issues.
Learn how powerful stomach acid is and what happens if your body produces too much or too little of it.
How much acid is in the stomach?
The benefits of stomach acid to your health are many. It transforms the food you ingest into smaller, more easily absorbed pieces. Additionally, it serves as your body’s first line of defense against germs and viruses that might cause illness. A very acidic liquid is needed for these operations. Just how acidic, though?
In order to really comprehend the strength of stomach acid, it is necessary to first comprehend how the acidity of a beverage is determined. Between 0 and 14 is the pH scale, which is used to quantify acidity. The greater the acidic levels in the fluid, the lower the pH level. For instance, battery acid is very powerful since it has a pH of 0.
There are fourteen least acidic fluids. We refer to them as alkaline liquids. Neutral fluids, such as pure water, are in the center at 7.
With a pH of between 1 and 2, stomach acid is considered to be very acidic.
Remember that items like metal and bone may dissolve in battery acid. Because stomach acid has a pH balance that is just one or two points higher than normal, it may also break down very durable objects like teeth and bones.
What composes stomach acid?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is primarily responsible for the low pH of stomach acid.
Nevertheless, stomach acid contains relatively little hydrogen chloride (HCl). Sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) are additional ingredients.
This acidic trio is secreted by the cells lining the wall of your stomach. The cells also secrete mucus and a number of enzymes. The procedure depends on this mucus. It shields the stomach lining from the damaging effects of acid and other gastric secretions, preserving the delicate organ.
What happens if there is not enough hydrochloric acid in your stomach?
It’s normal for the pH of your stomach acid to change periodically.
Stress and some medications may cause stomach acid to become unbalanced. As a result, your body may not produce as much HCl.
Signs of low amounts of HCl
When this occurs, you could start to feel symptoms such as:
burping
bloating
upset stomach
acid reflux
diarrhea
indigestion
vomiting and nausea
gas
hair thinning
Hypochlorhydria, though, is a disorder that you can have if your stomach acid is consistently low. When acid production is consistently low, there might be serious consequences. In the first phases of this illness, you may have trouble adequately digesting meals and absorbing the nutrients your body needs to operate. It might harm your digestive system if left untreated. Your risk of infections and long-term medical problems rises as a result.
Therapy for low levels of HCl
The probable reason will determine the specific course of therapy for low acid gastric juices.
An HCl supplement could be recommended by your physician. This may raise the pH of your stomach acid. Additionally, they could recommend drugs that include the pepsin enzyme, which helps raise stomach acidity.
Other therapies consist of:
using antibiotics to address an underlying illness
improved diet and more supplements
medications
strategies for reducing stress
What occurs if the hydrochloric acid content in your stomach is high?
The mucus in your stomach may lose its effectiveness if the acidity of your gastric secretions is too high.
High quantities of stomach acid may cause a variety of issues, such as:
Gastric ulcers
Acid reflux
Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
High HCl level symptoms
The following are the most noticeable signs of elevated stomach acid levels:
vomiting or nausea
bloating
stomach pain that may worsen on an empty stomach
diarrhea
acid reflux
loss of appetite
unexplained weight loss
Therapy for elevated HCl levels
Medication is the most frequent treatment for excessive stomach acid as a revive therapy. PPIs, or proton pump inhibitors, reduce stomach acid production. PPIs may be prescribed by your doctor on their own. PPIs are sometimes administered in combination with other drugs.
Other interventions will be contingent upon the presumed etiology of these elevated acid levels. Among these therapies might be:
medications
diet modifications
tumor removal surgery, gastrectomy, or vagotomy, which involves cutting out a portion of the stomach or vagus nerve
Acid levels that are consistently too high or too low might be detrimental to your health and wellbeing. Getting help may help you avoid long-term issues.
Reasons for low levels of HCl
Reduced acidity is more likely to occur under certain situations. Among these risk factors are:
having a premature birth
being over 65
having surgery on the stomach
stress
being deficient in several nutrients, particularly zinc
having an H. pylori infection
chronic illness
Reasons why HCl levels are high
There are several things that might make you more likely to have excessive stomach acid. These consist of:
overproduction of certain hormones known to cause the production of stomach acid
rebound gastric acid production upon cessation of stomach acid-lowering medicines
an infection with H. pylori
blockage of the gastric outflow
tumors, although rare
Schedule a visit with your doctor if you believe you are exhibiting signs of either high or low stomach acid.
Tips for optimum acid production
It is necessary to do further study on non-pharmacological methods of influencing acid production. However, a 2019 analysis found that persons with high acid production could benefit from dietary and lifestyle modifications
Among these modifications are:
consuming frequent, smaller meals as opposed to big, calorie-dense ones
Never lay down for two to three hours after a meal, and never eat two to three hours before to going to bed.
Steer clear of anything too tight that presses on your abdomen.
Increasing your diet’s fiber intake
cutting down on the calories you consume each meal
if you smoke, abstaining from smoking
eating a Mediterranean-style diet
chewing thoroughly
drinking plenty of water in between meals
getting enough sleep
keeping a healthy weight
Crucial insights
Your body naturally creates stomach acid, a highly acidic liquid, to aid in food digestion and nutrient absorption. Your body also creates enzymes and mucus to help defend itself from the acid’s potency.
Reflux, ulcers, and heartburn may all be caused by elevated stomach acid levels. You may have trouble digesting meals if your stomach acid is low.
In the event that you exhibit symptoms of low or excessive acidity, get medical help. Both of these may provide issues if left untreated and could develop into chronic conditions.
A medical expert can assess your symptoms and determine the most appropriate course of action for you. Sometimes, they could search for underlying medical conditions, such as an infection, that might be causing your abnormal acid levels.
Chapter 2: Gut Health
“Gut”: What Is It?
Everyone has heard about the significance of gut health and gut health, but what exactly is the “gut”? Although some would argue that the whole digestive tract—from ingestion to excretion—is the “gut,” the majority of the actual action takes place after the material has been broken down and exited the stomach.
Indeed, the stomach plays a crucial role in the process, but the intestinal system comes to mind when considering the gut, mostly the small intestine, which is responsible for about 90% of nutritional absorption. Many food intolerances also originate in the small intestine. About 70% of people are lactose intolerant, and after consuming a dairy product, they may have diarrhea, nausea, bloating, gas, or stomach discomfort for 30 to 2 hours.
Individuals who are lactose intolerant have trouble digesting milk products because they do not create enough lactase, an enzyme that aids in the breakdown of milk sugars. After ingesting dairy products, undigested lactose remains in the gut and ferments, causing the symptoms that many individuals have.
Therefore, the small intestine is really the major location of the often reported “stomach ache” or “upset stomach”! The large intestine, also known as the colon, is the primary location for the microbiome—the community of beneficial bacteria—while the small intestine is responsible for nutrition absorption and a host of other processes. In actuality, the intestinal tract contains the whole “gut” that we are all talking about.
Gut Microbiome and Flora
The majority of readers have almost certainly heard the terms “gut flora” and/or “microbiome,” but what exactly is the microbiome? And what’s meant by gut flora?
All of the bacteria, viruses, fungus, and other tiny creatures that reside in your intestines are together referred to as the microbiome. We refer to those same microorganisms as the gut flora. I know it seems scary, because fungus and bacteria are nasty, right? Not all of them, however. Beneficial microorganisms are essential to bodily processes. Your general health is really primarily dependent on maintaining a healthy gut flora.
The microbiome serves a wide range of purposes, including a sort of revive therapy. Maintaining a healthy gut flora facilitates digestion by assisting the body in breaking down certain meals that the stomach and small intestine are unable to process. Additionally, gut flora contributes significantly to the immune system by acting as a barrier, stopping the development of dangerous bacteria, and assisting in the synthesis of vitamins B and K.
Studies have even connected the gut-brain axis’s health and function to the microbiome. Experts now refer to this microbiota as an “organ,” given its primary role in the body’s regular operation and the many tasks it performs. Nonetheless, because the microbiome is not innate, it is regarded as an “acquired organ,” beginning at birth and changing throughout the course of a person’s life.
The total weight of microbiota may reach up to 2 kg (4 lbs). The cecum is a little area of the big intestine that is home to a significant population of these bacteria. The region where the small intestine joins the large intestine, known as the cecum, is pouch-like and located close to the appendix.
Microbes may also be found in the stomach, esophagus, and small intestine, but in much lesser quantities. Healthy intestinal walls will be able to host more of that ideal microbiota than an unhealthy intestinal wall since these microorganisms reside in the mucosal lining of the intestinal wall. In order to increase the amount of good gut flora, several diets and supplements may also be beneficial. These supplements are often probiotics.
Probiotics
For those who have visited health stores, attended natural product exhibits, or read up on health trends, it is evident that prebiotics and probiotics are becoming more and more popular. In 2012 alone, there were about 3 million more persons in the US using probiotic or prebiotic supplements than there were in 2007, a four-fold increase in the usage of these supplements. These figures have only gone up in the last several years. However, you may want to grasp what the distinction is between probiotics and prebiotics before getting too technical.
In actuality, prebiotics and probiotics vary greatly but both are required and together make up a harmony therapy. Dietary components like fiber are referred to as prebiotics because they aid in the development of beneficial bacteria in the stomach. These consist of flaxseeds, apples, oats, garlic, asparagus, and bananas, among other things.
Probiotics, on the other hand, are real, live microorganisms that are said to provide several health advantages, including assistance for the digestive system. Live culture yogurts, fermented meals and drinks, nutritional supplements, and even non-oral items like skin lotions are all marketed as probiotic goods.
Though some people may find the concept of purposefully ingesting germs and microbes unusual or unsettling, the advantages of probiotics have made this notion more popular among the general population. Probiotic bacteria aid in vitamin production, aid in food digestion, and eliminate pathogenic microbes. Furthermore, a large number of the microbes included in probiotic supplements are identical to or comparable to those that our bodies naturally contain in order to carry out these tasks.
Recognize that not all probiotics are created equal while reading about how to choose one. Probiotics include a wide variety of microorganisms that, while belonging to the same family of bacteria, have distinct roles in the body.
For instance, the most prevalent are from the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus families. Numerous bacterial species from each of these two groups’ respective families are included. If one strain of Lactobacillus bacteria is shown to be protective against a disease, it is not a given that another strain would be as effective. When adding new bacteria to their bodies, those with compromised immune systems or major medical conditions should exercise caution. Apart from probiotics, several dietary supplements may also assist to enhance the intestinal environment and increase the hospitability of beneficial bacteria. In any case, it is essential to speak with a doctor before starting a new nutritional supplement.
Leaky Gut
Increased intestinal permeability, a condition where toxins and germs may seep past the intestinal wall and into the circulation, is essentially what is meant to be understood when one has a leaky gut.
Our food is broken down by the digestive system into usable nutrients, which are then transferred to the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body as required. Furthermore, the digestive system functions as a physical gatekeeper, permitting only useful substances to pass through.
Tight junctions are the name for these gatekeepers. Tiny gaps called tight junctions exist throughout the intestinal wall. They let water and nutrients pass through while blocking the passage of germs and poisons into the circulation. The so-called leaky gut syndrome results from these tight connections becoming loose, which essentially makes the gut wall more permeable to both dangerous bacteria and toxins as well as helpful chemicals. Inadequate circulatory circulation of germs and toxins leads to hyperactive immune response and systemic inflammation. This subsequently causes gastrointestinal bloating, excessive wind, poor digestion, tiredness, underproductivity, and even skin issues—symptoms of a leaky gut.
Many people are still curious about the etiology of leaky gut. Although research on leaky gut syndrome is ongoing, zonulin is assumed to be partially or maybe entirely to blame. The gut may become more permeable if this protein is activated by intestinal bacteria that have seeped out of it. Numerous factors may cause zonulin activity, such as consuming a diet heavy in sugar, using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (like ibuprofen) for an extended period of time, stress, inflammation, and routinely consuming excessive amounts of alcohol.
We are hearing more about the illness these days as researchers gain better understanding of the gut and its function in immune system and general health. More people are taking responsibility for their own health, reading up on topics, and learning about ailments like leaky guts. We then desire to take action to mend our own intestines after realizing that’s maybe what we’ve had all along. Chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, diabetes, Crohn’s disease, and a few food allergies have all been linked to leaky gut syndrome. Making every effort to stop and fix a leaky gut may help shield us against long-term illnesses.
Absorption
Absorption is a critical component of gut health that is often disregarded but is essential for harmony therapy. In the nutrition and supplement sectors, this phrase is often used. However, how many people really get it? The small intestine, which is the primary location of nutrition absorption, is where it all begins. These nutrients need to cross the intestinal lumen, enter the mucosal cells that line the digestive system, and finally enter the circulation in order to be absorbed. Several processes are involved in this, and they vary depending on the kind of nutrient that is flowing through.
First is diffusion. Simply said, this is the movement of molecules from a high concentration location to a lower concentration area. Molecules may effortlessly pass the cell membrane on their own when simple diffusion is occurring.
Osmosis, or the dispersion of water, comes next. Then came enhanced diffusion, in which the nutrient enters the circulation without the requirement for a carrier or transport molecule. The transportation mentioned above are all passive and don’t need energy to operate. Additionally, there is active transport, which requires a carrier molecule in addition to energy to be absorbed. In contrast to straightforward passive diffusion, this kind of transport may carry materials from a lower concentration into a greater concentration.
Even though the body naturally absorbs nutrients, having a sick stomach might reduce the amount of nutrients that are really absorbed and used by the body. Certain supplements for gut health may assist to improve this absorption, which will raise the vitamins, proteins, and other vital components in our meals’ bioavailability.
Bioavailability
Simply said, bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that the body can absorb and utilize. The vitamins and minerals we ingest have widely differing levels of bioavailability. Almost all of the sodium we consume is absorbed by the body because some minerals, like sodium, are absorbed at a very high percentage. In contrast, just around 25% of what we consume is usually absorbed when it comes to calcium. Iron has much less, at 5%.
Generally speaking, the body absorbs animal goods more readily than plant ones. This is due to the fact that plants include compounds like fiber, phytates, tannins, and oxalates that bind minerals in the digestive system and limit absorption. Regrettably, the body would benefit from these plant-based diets’ increased bioavailability since they include a lot of nutrients.
For instance, turmeric is well known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities, yet its bioavailability is often poor. Many firms incorporate compounds that promote absorption to assist the increase of the bioavailability of curcumin, the main chemical in turmeric, so that lesser quantities taken will have a bigger impact. This allows consumers to actually benefit from turmeric’s anti-inflammatory properties. Once again, it is critical to consider the impact those gut-enhancing substances have on absorption. Do they swell up to force nutrients through? Or instead, do they collaborate with the stomach to stimulate natural transporters and repair the lining?
A Diet for Gut Health
Our whole health is directly impacted by the condition of our stomach. Immune system strength, mood, and food digestion are all influenced by the integrity of our gut; difficulties with food digestion brought on by a compromised gut may result in inadequate nutrition and even disease.
Our microbiome, a vital collection of billions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, lives in our stomach. These microbes, also known as “good bacteria,” support the proper function of our digestive tract. Furthermore, the microbiome in our stomach affects our skin, immune system, emotional and physical well-being, and risk of contracting illnesses like cancer. Take care of our microbiome, and it will take care of us. Our gut health and microbiota are influenced by the foods we consume, so what should we eat more of and less of to keep our guts healthy?
Pickles, kimchi, sauerkraut, kombucha, yogurt, and kefir are examples of fermented foods and beverages that are excellent for the digestive system. They have probiotic bacteria, which aid in keeping the harmful bacteria out of our digestive tract and helping the healthy bacteria populate it. A particular kind of fiber known as prebiotics is what the microbes in our microbiome love to eat. Prebiotic fibers include inulin, which is found in foods like garlic, onions, and leeks. Good-for-you meals also aid in the absorption of water by the colon, facilitating the easy movement of waste products and food throughout the whole length of the intestines. Fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains fall within this category.
Food that May Impair Gut Health
The adage that fresh veggies and whole grains are healthy while processed red meats, sweets, and saturated fats are unhealthy has a basis that goes beyond heart health and weight control. Controlling these is like harmony therapy. Sugary, salty, and high-fat diets are terrible for the intestines. As much as possible, stteer clear of processed meats, baked goods, desserts, chips, fried meals, and fast food if you want to strengthen the health of your digestive system. Store them as seldom sweets.
And trust your instincts. Many individuals have dietary intolerances to certain proteins, like gluten, or sugars, such lactose, which is present in dairy products. You should stay away from these foods if they make you feel bloated, gassy, or uncomfortable after eating them. You may be intolerant to them. A sick stomach will physically talk to you. As it attempts to process the food you consume, it will gurgle and create sounds that are beyond your control. Along with gas and bloating, you could also feel gastrointestinal aches that go throughout your body. Along with regular weight gain or loss, you could also have diarrhea or constipation.
Digestion is not the only symptom of a sick gut. Because of the gut-brain link, having a bad stomach may cause mood changes, depression, difficulty concentrating, and even skin conditions like eczema. Also, you might have difficulty getting a decent night’s sleep, which would leave you feeling drained and agitated all the time. For many people, these symptoms are frequent and daily occurrences, and they are often attributed to other factors like stress or just having a busy life. If this describes you, it may be time to listen to your body and your nutrition. You may regain control over your health and find the correct path to gut health by learning to listen to your body’s cues.
What is your gut telling you?
Chapter 3: Exercise
The digestive system’s functions include breaking down, or digesting, food, getting rid of impurities, and absorbing energy and other essential elements that our bodies need to operate properly. But it’s also significant in other respects.
Gut health’s impact on mental health
Additionally, the state of our gut affects our mental and emotional well-being. Poor gut health may also have a negative impact on our mental health. Therefore, maintaining the health of our digestive system is crucial to our general well-being and goes beyond just avoiding digestive illnesses like gas, bloating, and constipation. Fortunately, there are easy things that we can all do to promote gut health.
In addition to the apparent importance of eating and drinking the correct foods, our digestion is also influenced by the way we exercise our body. It aids in stimulating the stomach and raises digestive activity, to start.
Train to maintain intestinal health
The muscles in our digestive system get more blood flow when we exercise, which massages our food as it passes through the digestive tract, a mechanism called peristalsis, which speeds up and improves the efficiency of their job.
Additionally, studies indicate that exercise modifies the microbiota’s equilibrium in the gut. The so-called gut flora actively defends our immune system, inhibits the development of harmful bacteria, and aids in the body’s digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we consume.
Steer clear of intense cardio workouts
During the period of digestion, it is crucial to steer clear of certain high-impact workout kinds, like:
Dance
Trampoline
Kickboxing
Jogging
Team sports
Choose walking and other low-impact physical activities instead of these workouts, since they might disturb the digestive system and create pain and stitches.
The Super 3 Peristalsis is a pattern of digestive workouts that helps us digest meals by rubbing food along the digestive canal. It is an involuntary muscular activity in the gut. By aiding this process, this particularly crafted workout program helps improve your digestion.
After a short meal or snack, you may start the program right away; however, if you’ve had a larger meal, you should wait around half an hour.
To protect your knees while kneeling for the exercises, it is advised that you use an exercise mat or towel.
Workout 1
It’s okay to do this workout just after a little lunch or snack. It’s crucial that you take your time, so concentrate on moving slowly and deliberately.
Put your hands flat on the floor just under your shoulders as you drop on all fours. Right behind your hips is where your knees should be. Make sure your back is straight.
Stretch your right arm out till it’s parallel to your shoulder, very slowly. Elevate your left leg concurrently to align your heel with your hips. Try to draw a straight line that extends from your right arm to your left foot.
After maintaining this posture for a little while, very gently begin to pull in your left knee and right arm to return to the beginning position.
From this position, let your back arch as if a belt is drawing you up, lowering your head and tailbone. Hold this for a brief moment before repeating at least 10 times with the same arm and leg. Repeat after resting on the other side.
After you’ve finished this program, go directly to the stretches. In addition to massaging the stomach muscles and easing any bloating sensations, they will facilitate the peristalsis process.
Workout 2
You should now be laying on your back on your mat or towel after turning over. All you have to do is fold both of your knees into your chest and give them a little embrace.
Now, while still holding onto the opposite knee, carefully stretch one leg straight out. After that, swap by drawing the straight leg back in.
For the whole exercise, keep your head and shoulders on the floor. Do this ten times.
Workout 3
In order to complete the exercise, return both feet to the floor and gradually extend your legs straight out so that you are resting flat with your arms by your sides.
Keep your arms in touch with the floor as you slowly stretch them out to the side and up beyond your head.
Now extend yourself to your maximum length. Any internal pressure is released as a result. Keep this pose for ten to twenty seconds.
These workouts may even reduce abdominal fat and improve digestion:
Workout 4
Riding a bike is another excellent way to keep the digestive system running smoothly. Not only can cycling promote intestinal health, but it also helps reduce belly fat.
Workout 5
The goal of ab exercise is to strengthen the abdominal muscles and correct the digestive system. This exercise may be tried in a variety of ways, such as the vertical leg crunch, long arm crunch, and reverse crunch. One of the finest workouts for a healthy digestive system is a sit-up or crunch. Your intestines and bowel movement are strengthened by the muscles in your belly and core. Additionally, they aid in avoiding digestive problems including bloating and gas. Better more, this workout may help you get flat abs and decrease belly fat!
Workout 6
You may be surprised to learn that even this basic breathing exercise has an impact on your digestion. An appropriate breathing pattern may assist with issues like bloating and heartburn. All you have to do is practice breathing in and out using your abdominal muscles while sitting up straight. By relaxing, you’ll be able to control your stress levels.
Learn Innovative Therapy Techniques With This Free Sample Chapter
Chapter on Sleep, “Peace and Purpose”
Histamine
Histamine controls many body functions and is a key part of your body’s response to inflammation. Which histamine receptors histamine binds to determines what effect it has. Scientists have found four different kinds of histamine receptors. Excess histamine can cause anxiety as well as insomnia.
H1 receptors
You have H1 receptors all over your body, including in neurons (brain cells), smooth muscle cells in your airways, and blood vessels. When the H1 receptors are turned on, allergy and anaphylaxis symptoms show up. It can lead to:
Itchy skin (pruritus)
Anxiety
Expanding of blood vessels (vasodilation)
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
Flushing
Narrowing of your airway (bronchoconstriction)
Pain
Movement of fluids through blood vessel walls (vascular permeability)
Some of these changes in the body cause sneezing, stuffy nose, and a runny nose (rhinorrhea). H1 receptors do more than just control allergic reactions. They also help:
Sleep-wake cycles
Food intake
Body temperature
Emotions
Memory
Learning
Of course, its effect on sleep-wake cycles is our current concern. It’s like our balance from within. Our sleep-wake cycle is essential when it comes to finding peace and purpose in life.
Histamine is considered wake-promoting because drowsiness is a common side effect of certain anti-allergy medications that block histamine signaling. Also, histamine neurons are generally active in wake states and inactive during sleep. Histamine neurons promote wakefulness by activating neurons in the cortex that cause arousal and by inhibiting neurons that promote sleep. So, basically, histamine keeps you awake.
Balance From Within: How to Reduce Histamine Naturally
Foods that reduce histamine:
Apples
Onions
Pineapple
Parsley
Blueberries
Olive oil
Vitamin C reduces histamines, as well, so any foods containing vitamin C may reduce histamine. Foods to avoid if you trying to reduce histamine:
Kombucha
Sauerkraut
Wine or beer
Aged meats or cheese
Olives
Vinegar
Canned meats/fish
Tomatoes
Ketchup
Avocados
Spinach
Supplements that may help reduce histamine:
Forskolin
Quercetin
Astragalus
Vitamin C
B. longum (probiotic strain)
B. infantis (probiotic strain)
Erythropoietin
Pancreatic enzymes (ask a doctor before use)
Methylxanthines (Dietary sources of methylxanthines include coffee, tea, chocolate, maté, and guarana. You can drink coffee, eat chocolate, or supplement with theobromine, but attempting to supplement with theophylline is not recommended, as adverse cardiac effects are possible. However, chocolate also contains some histamine, and researchers suspect that it may encourage histamine release. The net effect of cocoa is unknown; it’s recommended that you test your own individual response and see what it does for you.)
Fisetin
Luteolin (found in celery, parsley, and broccoli)
Apigenin (found in parsley, grapes, and apples)
EGCG (found in green tea)
Kaempferol (found in cruciferous vegetables, delphinium plants, witch hazel, and grapefruit)
Myricetin (found in berries, teas, wines, and many vegetables)
Rutin (found in buckwheat, apples, and passionflower)
Theanine (found in green and black tea)
Naringenin (found in grapefruit)
Curcumin (found in turmeric)
Reishi mushroom
Chinese Skullcap
Eleuthero (also known as Siberian ginseng)
Tulsi (also known as holy basil)
Mucuna pruriens (also known as velvet bean)
Vitamin B6
L. plantarum (a probiotic)
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)
SAM-e (S-adenosyl-L-methionine)
Carnosine (made from the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine and found in high-quality meat)
NAC (N-acetyl cysteine)
Valine (found in meat, grains, vegetables, and milk and other dairy products)
Drugs that reduce histamine:
alimemazine (trimeprazine)
brompheniramine
chlorphenamine
dexchlorpheniramine
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
doxylamine (often sold under the brand name “Unisom,” though Unisom sometimes contains diphenhydramine instead)
pheniramine
promethazine
triprolidine
hydroxyzine
These should be reserved for occasional, short-term use only. You can quickly develop tolerance to them, and side-effects may occur with prolonged use.
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is made and released by your adrenal glands and is also important in our pursuit of peace and purpose. These glands are endocrine glands that sit on top of your kidneys. Cortisol affects many parts of your body, but its main job is to control how your body reacts to stress. Cortisol is a hormone called a glucocorticoid that is made and released by your adrenal glands. Glucocorticoids are a kind of hormone called a steroid. They stop inflammation in your body’s tissues and keep your muscles, fat, liver, and bones from breaking down too quickly.
Glucocorticoids also change the way people sleep and wake up. Your body checks your cortisol levels all the time to keep them steady (this is called homeostasis). Cortisol levels that are either too high or too low can be bad for your health. People often call cortisol the “stress hormone.”
But it does a lot more than just control your body’s stress response. It has many important effects and functions all over your body. Also, it’s important to keep in mind that, from a biological point of view, there are many kinds of stress, such as:
Acute stress: This kind of stress happens when you are suddenly and for a short time in danger. Acute stress can be caused by things like barely avoiding a car accident or being chased by an animal.
Chronic stress: This is long-term stress that happens when you must deal with things that make you angry or worried over and over again. Chronic stress can be caused by things like having a job that is hard or frustrating or being sick all the time.
Traumatic stress: This happens when you go through something that puts your life in danger and makes you feel scared and helpless. Traumatic stress can be caused by things like being in a war or being sexually assaulted or going through a tornado. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can sometimes be caused by these things.
When any of these things stress you out, your body makes cortisol.
How does my body react to cortisol?
When you’re stressed, your body can release cortisol after releasing “fight or flight” hormones like adrenaline. This keeps you on high alert. In times of stress, cortisol also makes your liver release glucose (sugar) so that you can get energy quickly. Cortisol helps control how your body uses fats, proteins, and carbs for energy by regulating your metabolism. Normally, your cortisol levels are lowest in the evening when you go to sleep and highest in the morning before you wake up. This suggests that cortisol is a key part of waking up and is involved in the circadian rhythm of your body. Cortisol levels need to be just right for people to live and for their bodies to work properly. If your cortisol levels are consistently high or low, it can be bad for your health. High cortisol levels can cause anxiety.
How does my body keep the level of cortisol in check?
Your body has a complicated system to control how much cortisol you have in your body. Your hypothalamus, which is a small part of your brain that controls hormones, and your pituitary gland, which is a small gland below your brain, controls how much cortisol your adrenal glands make. When the amount of cortisol in your blood drops, your hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which tells your pituitary gland to make adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Then, ACTH tells your adrenal glands to make cortisol and let it out. Your hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands must all be working well for you to have the right amount of cortisol in your body.
How can I find out how much cortisol I have?
Your doctor can test your blood, urine, or saliva to see how much cortisol is in your body. Based on your symptoms, they will decide which test is best.
How much cortisol is normal?
Cortisol is a hormone that is found in your blood, urine, and saliva. Its level is highest in the morning and drops throughout the day, reaching its lowest point around midnight. If you work nights and sleep at different times, this pattern can change. The normal ranges for most tests that measure cortisol in your blood are:
10 to 20 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dL) from 6 to 8 a.m.
3 to 10 mcg/dL around 4 p.m.
Normal ranges can be different from lab to lab, person to person, and over time. If you need a cortisol level test, your doctor or nurse will look at the results and tell you if you need more testing.
What makes cortisol levels so high?
Hypercortisolism is the medical term for having abnormally high levels of cortisol for a long time. This is usually considered Cushing’s Syndrome, which is a rare condition. Causes of cortisol levels that are higher than normal and Cushing’s Syndrome include:
Taking a lot of corticosteroid drugs like prednisone, prednisolone, or dexamethasone to treat other health problems.
Tumors that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). These are usually found in your pituitary gland. More rarely, neuroendocrine tumors in other parts of your body such as your lungs can cause high cortisol levels.
Adrenal gland tumors or excessive growth of adrenal tissue (hyperplasia), which cause excess production of cortisol.
What are the signs that your cortisol levels are too high?
Depending on how high your cortisol levels are, your symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome will be different. Common signs and symptoms of cortisol levels that are higher than normal are:
Weight gain, especially in your face and abdomen.
Anxiety
Fatty deposits between your shoulder blades.
Wide, purple stretch marks on your abdomen (belly).
Muscle weakness in your upper arms and thighs.
High blood sugar, which often turns into Type 2 diabetes.
High blood pressure (hypertension).
Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) in women.
Weak bones (osteoporosis) and fractures.
What causes cortisol to be low?
When cortisol levels are lower than normal, this is called hypocortisolism. This is a sign of adrenal insufficiency. There are two kinds of adrenal insufficiency: primary and secondary. Some things that can cause adrenal insufficiency are:
Primary adrenal insufficiency: Most of the time, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your adrenal glands for no known reason, which can cause primary adrenal insufficiency. The name for this is Addison’s disease. Your adrenal glands can also be hurt by an infection or bleeding in the tissues (called an adrenal hemorrhage). All these things stop cortisol from being made.
Secondary adrenal insufficiency: If you have hypopituitarism or a tumor on your pituitary gland, it can stop your body from making enough ACTH. ACTH tells your adrenal glands to make cortisol, so when there isn’t enough ACTH, there isn’t enough cortisol made.
Corticosteroid medications can also cause cortisol levels to be lower than normal, especially if you stop taking them quickly after using them for a long time.
What are the signs that your cortisol levels are too low?
If your cortisol levels are lower than normal, this is called adrenal insufficiency.
Fatigue
Anxiety
Unintentional weight loss
Poor appetite
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
How can I lower my level of cortisol?
If you have Cushing’s syndrome, which is when your cortisol levels are very high, you will need medical treatment to bring them down. Most treatments involve either medicine or surgery. If your cortisol levels are lower than normal, you’ll also need medical help. In general, though, there are a few simple things you can do every day to try to lower your cortisol levels and keep them where they should be.
Get good sleep: Sleep problems like obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, or working the night shift can cause cortisol levels to rise.
Regular exercise: Several studies have shown that regular exercise can help you sleep better and feel less stressed, which can lower your cortisol levels over time.
Learn to control stress and stressful ways of thinking: Knowing how you think, how you breathe, how fast your heart beats, and other signs of stress can help you catch it early and stop it from getting worse.
Do exercises that help you take deep breaths: Your parasympathetic nervous system, or “rest and digest” system, is activated when you breathe in a controlled way. This helps lower cortisol levels.
Have fun and laugh: Laughing makes endorphins come out and stops cortisol from coming out. Having hobbies and doing fun things can also make you feel better, which may make your cortisol levels go down.
Keep your relationships in good shape: Relationships are an important part of our life. Having tense, unhealthy relationships with people you care about or work with can cause you to feel stressed out often and raise your cortisol levels.
When should I talk to my doctor about my cortisol levels?
If you have signs of Cushing’s syndrome or adrenal insufficiency, you should see a doctor. If you are worried about how stressed you are every day, talk to your doctor or nurse about what you can do to reduce your stress and stay healthy. Cortisol is a very important hormone that affects a lot of different parts of your body. There are a few things you can do to try to reduce your stress and, by extension, your cortisol levels. However, sometimes you can’t help whether your cortisol levels are too high or too low. If you gain or lose weight, or if your blood pressure goes up or down, these are signs that your cortisol levels are too high or too low. You should talk to your doctor about this. They can do some simple tests to find out if your symptoms are caused by your adrenal glands or your pituitary gland.
Balance From Within –Foods that lower cortisol:
Avocados
Bananas
Broccoli
Dark Chocolate
Seeds
Spinach
Nutritional yeast
Probiotics
Olive Oil
Nuts
Adaptogens such as mushrooms, moringa and ashwagandha
Cinnamon
Supplements that lower cortisol:
Ashwagandha
Omega-3s
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Rhodiola Rosea
Bacopa Monnieri
Ginkgo Biloba
Cordyceps
Phosphatidylserine
L-theanine
Norepinephrine Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It is also called noradrenaline. It is a key part of the “fight-or-flight” response in your body. Norepinephrine is also a drug that is used to raise and keep blood pressure high in short-term, serious health situations. As a neurotransmitter, norepinephrine is made from dopamine. Norepinephrine is made by nerve cells in your brainstem and in an area close to your spinal cord. Norepinephrine is a part of your body’s sympathetic nervous system, which is part of your “fight-or-flight” response to danger. The “fight or flight” response is called the “acute stress response” in medicine. If you have too much norepinephrine, you may feel anxious or on edge. How does the body use norepinephrine?
It makes you more awake, alert, and focused.
Blood vessels get smaller, which helps keep blood pressure steady when you’re stressed.
Changes the way you sleep, how you feel, and what you remember.
What sets off the release of norepinephrine?
Norepinephrine is a hormone that comes out of your adrenal glands when you’re stressed, when your tranquil waters are disturbed. The fight-or-flight response is the name for the changes in your body that happen because of this response.
What does “fight or flight” mean?
The fight-or-flight response is how your body reacts to stressful situations, like when you need to get away from a dangerous situation (like a dog that is growling) or when you have to face a fear (like giving a speech for school or work). It’s the opposite of tranquil waters. During the fight-or-flight response, your brain tells you that something bad is happening. Then, nerves in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus send a message down your spinal cord and out to the rest of your body. Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter that tells your nervous system what to do when your brain tells it what to do. The neurotransmitter noradrenaline goes to these organs and tissues and causes these quick reactions in the body:
Eyes: The pupils get bigger to let in more light so you can see more of what’s around you.
Skin: Your skin goes pale when your blood vessels get a message to send blood to places that need it more, like your muscles, so you can fight or run away.
Heart: The heart beats harder and faster to get more oxygenated blood to places like your muscles that need it most. Also, blood pressure goes up.
Muscles: When muscles get more blood flow and oxygen, they can move and work faster and with more strength.
Liver: Your liver turns the glycogen you have stored into glucose, which gives you more energy.
Airways: People breathe faster and deeper. Your airways widen, which lets more oxygen into your blood, which then goes to your muscles.
Your adrenal gland releases the hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) when the neurotransmitter noradrenaline gets to it. These hormones get to every part of your body through your blood. They go back to your eyes, heart, lungs, skin, blood vessels, and adrenal gland. The “message” to these organs and tissues is to keep reacting until the danger is gone. Norepinephrine is used as a medicine to raise and keep blood pressure up in situations where low blood pressure is a problem, but only for a short time. Some of these conditions could be:
Cardiac arrest
Spinal anesthesia
Septicemia
Blood transfusions
Drug reactions
Low levels of norepinephrine can cause the following health problems:
Anxiety
Depression
ADHD
Headache
Memory problems
Sleeping problems
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
Blood pressure and heart rate changes
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Your body can’t turn dopamine into norepinephrine if you have this rare genetic disease
High levels of epinephrine can cause the following health problems:
High blood pressure
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Excessive sweating
Pale or cold skin
Frequent headaches
Nervous feeling, jitters
Pheochromocytoma, which is a growth on the adrenal glands
People with high levels of norepinephrine are more likely to hurt their heart, blood vessels, or kidneys. To lower norepinephrine, it’s important to find ways to put your body into parasympathetic response mode, so anything in nature that can help you relax will do. Norepinephrine levels can be kept in check by eating a well-balanced diet, reducing emotional and physical stress, getting enough sleep, and exercising regularly.
Nutrition
A well-balanced diet has been shown to help keep your immune system healthy and give you the extra energy you need to deal with stress. Early research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids and vegetables may help control cortisol levels. Mindful eating reduces stress by encouraging people to take deep breaths, choose their food carefully, pay attention to the meal, and chew their food slowly and thoroughly. This can also help your body digest better.
Herbs and Supplements
Calming amino acids like a theanine supplement can help support norepinephrine levels, and nervine botanicals like lemon balm, kava, and chamomile, which work on the nervous system, can help naturally lower norepinephrine levels. There has been a lot of research on how adaptogenic herbs like ashwagandha can help the nervous system adapt to stressors, which can reduce stress and anxiety in people who use them regularly. Melatonin has been shown to lower the amount of norepinephrine in the body because it helps the sympathetic tone.
Lifestyle
Physical activity can help lower stress hormones and blood pressure. Aerobic exercise raises your heart rate and breathing rate, which lets more oxygen flow through your body. Meditation, yoga, and tai chi all focus on deep breathing, which can help the parasympathetic nervous system help fight stress. Some research shows that using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help lower norepinephrine levels, which are often high in people who are anxious or angry.
Supplements
Many supplements are known to assist sleep and help you return to tranquil waters. Here are some of the better known and more widely used and studied ones available.
Lavender
Lavender oil seems to have a soothing effect and reduces anxiety and restlessness. Most studies on lavender’s efficacy as a sleep aid have focused on lavender essential oil, though some people also use the dried herb as a tea or in their pillow. Essential oils should not be ingested except under a doctor’s supervision, as even lavender oil contains poisonous compounds. Instead, the oil should be diffused into the air or diluted in a neutral cream or oil for use on the skin. Lavender may be most appealing for people who struggle to sleep due to anxiety or racing thoughts. It is also popular among people who want an external sleep aid rather than something they consume. Short-term use of dried lavender or use of lavender essential oil is thought to be safe, though potential side effects for the external use of lavender oil include skin irritation and allergic reaction. Lavendar is also available as a clinically-studied supplement called Lavela WS 1265.
Valerian
Valerian has been used for sleep problems since the 2nd century and been known to help people fund extreme relief. Though further research needs to be done, valerian appears to help people fall asleep faster, sleep better, and wake up less often. In some studies, patients taking valerian were 80% more likely to report sleep improvements than those taking a placebo. Because experts have not located a single active compound, they speculate that valerian’s effect may be due to several compounds working together, or the amino acids GABA or glycine. The roots and stems of the valerian plant are made into teas, tinctures, capsules, extracts, and tablets. While each type of preparation has its fans, the tea can have an unpleasant odor, and researchers generally use liquid extracts or capsules in their research. Valerian is usually recommended for people with insomnia or general problems with sleep quality. Most people report that it is more effective once they have been taking it for several weeks. However, further research is needed to determine how effective valerian is in treating insomnia. Valerian is generally considered safe for adults. Side effects are rare and tend to be mild but may include headache, dizziness, itching, and upset stomach.
German Chamomile
German chamomile has been used to treat sleep problems since ancient Egypt. Despite this long history, there has been little research into its benefits. What we do know from smaller studies and meta-analysis is that German chamomile may soothe anxiety and improve sleep quality, although researchers are not clear on why it might have these effects.
On the other hand, it does not appear to benefit people with insomnia. The most common preparations of German chamomile are capsules, tincture, and tea. Although there is another variety called Roman chamomile, most research has focused on the German type. Chamomile is generally regarded as safe when used as a tea or taken orally. It does have potential interactions with some drugs, including blood thinners, and there is little information on its safety for those who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Side effects are usually limited to mild nausea or dizziness, but allergic reactions are possible, particularly for people with allergies to related plants like ragweed and daisies.
Passionflower
The passionflower vine is native to the Americas and has historically been used as a sedative by multiple indigenous cultures. There has been very little research into its benefits, though the existing research is encouraging, if limited. In one study focused on generalized anxiety disorder, passionflower’s calming effects were comparable to a commonly prescribed sedative. Passionflower may also improve sleep quality and make it easier to fall and stay asleep. Extracts and tea are both common forms of passionflower people use. Both have been used in research settings, so choosing between them is a matter of preference.
While research into this supplement shows potential benefits for anxiety and insomnia, there is no conclusive proof of its efficacy. There is little research into its safety. However, daily doses of up to 800 milligrams have been used safely in studies lasting as long as two months. Side effects are usually mild and may include drowsiness, confusion, and uncoordinated movements. Pregnant women should not use passionflower, as it can induce uterine contractions. There is limited research into its safety while breastfeeding.
Hops
In addition to being the main flavoring in beer, the flowers of the hops plant are used by some people as a natural sleep aid. Like most natural supplements, the benefits of hops have not been researched enough to definitively state whether it might help people sleep better. However, there is preliminary evidence that hops supplements can help stabilize circadian rhythms and lessen the symptoms of shift work disorder.
Dried hops flowers contain the acids humulone and lupulone, and their relationship with the body’s GABA receptors may be part of the reason for hops’ effects. Hops is often combined with other natural sleep aids such as valerian. It can be taken as non-alcoholic beer or in dried form as a tea or dry extract. Different studies have used all three methods, and there is no evidence in favor of one form over another. It is likely safe to consume hops in the form of non-alcoholic beer or tea, though supplemental use is only considered possibly safe due to the lack of research. Hops also has more potential side effects than some other natural sleep aids.
Because it has weak effects similar to estrogen, hops can cause changes to the menstrual cycle and is not recommended for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or who have hormone-sensitive cancers or other conditions. Hops can also worsen depression. However, for most people, side effects are mild and may include dizziness or sleepiness.
Cannabidiol (CBD)
CBD is a chemical known as a cannabinoid that is present in the cannabis plant. Cannabis has over 100 cannabinoids, and CBD is much different than the psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabinoid. Most CBD is derived from hemp, which does not contain enough THC to be psychoactive. Research into CBD has previously been limited due to cannabis regulations, but there are indications that it might help some people sleep better. To begin with, it appears to reduce the anxious symptoms of a broad spectrum of mental health conditions. It also seems that the body’s own cannabinoid system affects how we sleep, making CBD more likely to have benefits.
There has been some evidence that CBD can aid some sleep disorders and reduce excessive daytime sleepiness, but research is currently inconclusive. Although CBD has been legal federally since 2018, it is not supposed to be sold as a dietary supplement. It is, however, widely available in forms such as tinctures, gummies, and oils. Because of this lack of regulatory oversight, one study found that 26% of CBD products had less CBD than they claimed, while 43% had much more. CBD appears to be largely safe with minor side effects such as tiredness, diarrhea, and changes to weight or appetite. However, its safety is unknown for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding CBD may interact with medications and adversely impact certain health conditions.
Tart Cherry Juice
Juice from the tart cherry, also known as the sour cherry, appears to raise melatonin levels and increase the availability of tryptophan, an amino acid that may play a role in helping people fall asleep. These are promising findings, and tart cherry juice may improve sleep quality and make it easier to fall asleep. However, some studies indicate that the effect on insomnia is not as strong as established treatments like cognitive-behavioral therapy. Studies on the health benefits of tart cherries have had participants consume the equivalent of up to 270 cherries a day, but there is no specific research into their safety. The juice, which can be very sour, is usually diluted in a small amount of water before drinking.
Magnesium
Magnesium is a mineral naturally present in food and often added to processed foods. It is used throughout the body and is present in bones, soft tissue, and blood. Older adults are more at risk for magnesium deficiency, and one of the mineral’s many roles is sleep regulation. Some research suggests that supplemental magnesium may help reduce insomnia in older adults, either when used alone or with melatonin and zinc. It may also reduce excessive daytime sleepiness in adults.
Since high levels of magnesium are available in foods like pumpkin seeds, it is easy to supplement by eating more magnesium-rich foods. Magnesium supplements are also available in pills and tablets, including multivitamins. Magnesium aspartate, magnesium citrate, magnesium lactate, and magnesium chloride are the easiest for the body to absorb. While magnesium is usually safe at ordinary dietary levels since the kidneys filter it out, high dosages can cause side effects like diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramping.
Magnesium also interacts with some medication and other supplements, and very large dosages can lead to significant heart abnormalities including low blood pressure or hypotension, irregular heartbeat, and cardiac arrest.
GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid and neurotransmitter that plays a vital role in regulating nervous system activity and can possibly provide extreme relief. In addition to being made by the body and present in food like tea and tomatoes, GABA is available in supplement form. While it was previously believed that GABA taken orally could not pass the blood-brain barrier and was therefore not useful to the body, there is now some evidence to the contrary Small trials of supplemental GABA have shown that it can reduce stress and may help people fall asleep more easily.
It is not currently known whether GABA’s effects on sleep might be due to stress reduction or another mechanism. GABA naturally occurs in the body and in food, but there is little research into whether it is safe to take as a supplement. However, most studies have shown no adverse reactions. GABA is available in pills and may be derived from natural or synthetic sources. Research is still ongoing as to whether synthetic GABA is as effective as GABA derived from a natural source.
Glycine
Like GABA, glycine is an amino acid and neurotransmitter made by the body and available in some foods. Glycine appears to affect sleep and pass the blood-brain barrier. Studies show that glycine appears to improve sleep quality, potentially by lowering body temperature. Taking glycine before bed may also help reduce the negative effects of insufficient sleep, which may be due to improved sleep quality or another mechanism. Supplemental glycine is available in capsule or powder form, and there is limited knowledge about what form might be most beneficial. While glycine is part of our diet, its safety is unknown when taken in the quantities usually found in supplements.
Are Natural Sleep Aids Safe?
Natural sleep aids are not universally safe or unsafe. Sold over the counter or online, natural sleep aids do not go through the same testing and review process as prescription medicines. In general, there is a lack of high-quality research about the effectiveness and safety of most natural sleep aids. As a result, many questions about natural sleep remedies remain unresolved. There are special considerations to keep in mind when evaluating the safety of natural sleep aids.
Adults
Many natural sleep remedies, when taken in the proper dosage by healthy adults, have few side effects. But this does not mean that all natural sleep aids are safe. As a precaution, adults should talk with their doctor or pharmacist before taking a natural sleep aid. Adults should also stop taking natural sleep aids if they notice any abnormal health changes or side effects.
Children
Some natural sleep aids may be safe for use in children, though sleep hygiene should be encouraged before sleep aids are considered. In many cases, there is insufficient research in children to confidently evaluate the safety or efficacy of natural sleep aids. For certain natural sleep aids, such as melatonin, short-term use is generally considered to be safe for most children, but there is limited data about long-term use. To make sure that any medication or sleep aid does not affect their child’s health and development, parents should take precautions when considering natural sleep aids for their children, including:
Talking with their pediatrician first
Ensuring that the dosage is meant for children and not adults
Paying attention to the label and list of ingredients
Looking for high-quality products that are tested by third parties to reduce the risk of tainted or mislabeled supplements
Pregnant or Breastfeeding
People who are pregnant or breastfeeding should use caution with natural sleep aids. Many ingredients have not gone through rigorous testing in people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, so little is known about potential effects on their child. Although some products may be safe, the best approach for those who are pregnant or breastfeeding is to consult with their doctor prior to taking natural sleep aids.
Should You Talk to a Doctor Before Taking a Natural Sleep Aid?
It is advisable to talk with a doctor before starting to use any natural sleep aid. Even though these products are available without a prescription, your doctor may be able to help in several ways:
Reviewing your other medications and the potential for interactions between them and a natural sleep aid
Addressing your health history and the likelihood of adverse reactions from natural sleep aids
Understanding your sleeping problems and evaluating if they may be caused by an underlying sleep disorder that can be resolved with a more specific form of treatment
Discussing the potential benefits and risks of specific types of natural sleep aids
Offering suggestions about dosage or timing for taking natural sleep aids
Providing guidance about how to know whether a natural sleep aid is working or causing side-effects
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I or CBTI) is a short, structured, and evidence-based way to deal with the frustrating symptoms of insomnia and a proven way to find extreme relief.
How it Works
CBT-I tries to figure out how the way we think, what we do, and how we sleep are all linked. During treatment, a trained CBT-I provider helps figure out what thoughts, feelings, and actions are causing the insomnia symptoms. Thoughts and feelings about sleep are looked at and tested to see if they are true. Behaviors are also looked at to see if they help people get to sleep. Then, a provider will clear up or reframe any misunderstandings or problems in a way that makes it easier to sleep. Most treatments take between 6 and 8 sessions. The length can vary depending on what a person needs. When given by a primary care doctor, treatment can be as short as two visits.
People often call CBT-I a “multicomponent treatment” because it uses more than one method. Sessions can have educational, cognitive, and behavioral parts. Cognitive interventions include “cognitive restructuring,” which tries to change wrong or harmful ideas about sleep. Behavior changes can include relaxation training, controlling stimuli, and limiting sleep. All these help people relax and get into good sleep habits. At the heart of CBT-I is giving information about how thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and sleep are connected. The order and flow of each part can change based on how the provider works and what each person needs. Here are some CBT-I techniques that are often used:
Cognitive Restructuring
People with insomnia may have wrong or dysfunctional thoughts about sleep, which can make them do things that make it harder to sleep. This reinforces the wrong or dysfunctional thoughts. For example, having trouble sleeping before can make it hard to fall asleep again. This worry might make you stay in bed for too long to try to sleep. Both stress and spending too much time in bed can make it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep. This can turn into a frustrating nightly pattern that can be hard to break.
Cognitive restructuring starts to break this cycle by identifying, challenging, and changing the thoughts and beliefs that lead to insomnia. During treatment, common thoughts and beliefs that may be addressed include anxiety about past episodes of insomnia, having unrealistic expectations about sleep time and quality, and worrying about being tired during the day or other effects of not getting enough sleep. With the help of a trained provider who can help evaluate them more objectively, inaccurate thoughts can be found, challenged, and changed. Homework is often given so that students can practice these skills when they are not in class.
Stimulus Control
People who can’t sleep start to dread going to bed because they associate it with being awake and frustrated. They may also think of their bedroom as a place where they do things that make it hard to sleep, like eat, watch TV, or use a cell phone or computer. Stimulus control tries to change how these things are linked. During treatment, the bed is only used for sleeping and making love. Clients are told to get out of bed if they can’t fall asleep or if they’ve been awake for more than 10 minutes. They should only go back to bed when they’re tired again. Clients are told to set their alarms for the same time every morning and not to nap during the day.
Sleep Restriction and Compression
People with insomnia often lie awake in bed for too long. Sleep restriction limits how long a person can stay in bed so that they can get back on a regular sleep schedule. This technique is meant to make you want to sleep more and can temporarily make you feel more tired during the day. It is not recommended for people with health problems like bipolar disorder and seizures that can get worse when they don’t get enough sleep. Using a sleep diary, the first step in sleep restriction is to figure out how long a typical night of sleep is. The amount of time in bed is then changed by this amount plus 30 minutes.
For example, if a person wants to sleep 8 hours a night but only gets 5, they should change their bedtime so that they sleep for 5 hours and 30 minutes. Once a person spends most of their time in bed sleeping, they can start slowly extending the amount of time they spend there. Sleep compression is a slightly different method that is often used with older people because it is gentler. Instead of immediately cutting down the amount of time they spend in bed to the amount of sleep they get on an average night, the time they spend in bed is gradually cut down until it is close to the amount of time they spend sleeping.
Relaxation Training
Relaxation techniques can help ease the stress and racing thoughts that come with lying awake in bed. These methods can boost the body’s natural ability to calm down. This is good for both the body and the mind. The best ways to relax are those that are easy to fit into a person’s daily life. Here are a few CBT-I techniques that are often used to help people relax: Breathing exercises: CBT-I can teach many different breathing exercises. Most of these exercises have you take slow, deep breaths. Research has shown that focused breathing can slow down your heart rate and breathing, as well as make you feel less anxious, angry, and sad.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR): PMR is a method in which different muscle groups are tense and then relaxed. These techniques can be used with guided imagery or breathing exercises. Autogenic training is a way to focus on different parts of the body and pay attention to certain feelings. A person can pay attention to feelings like weight, warmth, or relaxation. Biofeedback is a technique that uses technology to help keep track of things like brain waves, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature. People may be able to learn to have more control over these processes if they use the information that electronic devices give them. Guided or self-hypnosis can help people who have trouble sleeping by teaching them how to relax when given a verbal or non-verbal cue.
Meditation has many benefits, such as lowering stress and anxiety and making it easier to relax. Meditation can also be done through practices like yoga and tai chi that combine focused attention with movement.
Psychoeducation
A core part of CBT-I is teaching clients how important good sleep hygiene is. Good sleep hygiene means doing more things that help you sleep and lessening or getting rid of things that make it hard to sleep. Some of the things that might be talked about are how diet, exercise, and the place you sleep affect your ability to fall asleep and stay asleep.
Homework
CBT-I is a group process, and practicing the skills you learn in sessions is important. A common part of treatment is giving the patient homework. Between sessions, you might have to do things like keep a sleep diary, practice questioning automatic thoughts or beliefs when they come up and improve your sleep hygiene.
Is CBT-I helpful?
When these techniques are used together as part of CBT-I with multiple components, between 70% and 80% of people with primary insomnia feel better. It takes less time to fall asleep, you sleep longer, and you wake up less often during sleep. Results tend to stay the same over time. For some people, CBT-I works better than medications. This treatment has also been shown to work for people who are more likely than others to have trouble sleeping, such as pregnant women.
CBT-I is thought to help with many kinds of insomnia. It may even help people with short-term insomnia. This means that CBT-I may be useful for treating insomnia symptoms even if they don’t meet the criteria for chronic insomnia. Even though this treatment for insomnia has been shown to be very effective, it doesn’t always work right away. It can take time to learn and use the skills that are taught in therapy.
Some methods, like controlling what you do before bed and getting less sleep, can help you change your sleep habits slowly. Some people find it helpful to keep track of their progress over time so they can see small improvements that can encourage them to keep going with treatment. If CBT-I alone doesn’t help with insomnia symptoms, the American College of Physicians suggests talking to a doctor about the risks and benefits of taking sleep medications along with CBT-I.
Does CBT-I Have Risks?
For CBT-I to work, you need to be willing to face your negative thoughts and actions. Even though the risks of treatment are likely to be low, it may sometimes be painful. Talking about painful memories, thoughts, and feelings can be hard and may cause stress and discomfort in the short term. Working with a trained CBT-I professional can help reduce the risks of this treatment because they know how to give support and tools to deal with temporary problems or setbacks.
Who Gives CBT-I?
CBT-I is usually given by a doctor, counselor, therapist, or psychiatrist who has been trained to do so. Professional groups like the Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine and the American Board of Sleep Medicine can help you find CBT-I practitioners. There aren’t enough CBT-I professionals to meet the demand right now because so many people need this treatment. Researchers have come up with new ways to offer CBT-I, like digital, group, and self-help formats.
Digital CBT-I
Several digital CBT-I (sometimes called dCBT-I or dCBT) apps have been made to keep up with this trend, lower the cost of treatment, and give more people access to the benefits of CBT-I. The Department of Veterans Affairs has its own app called CBT-I Coach. It can be used by both veterans and people who are not veterans. Different online resources and smartphone apps that offer dCBT-I have different purposes and require different amounts of help from the provider.
Some resources just help people while they work with a trained CBT-I provider in person, while others are fully automated and don’t need any help from a clinician. Other resources and apps are a mix of the two, letting people work through a pre-set program and have regular feedback sessions with a professional through e-mail or the phone. Digital CBT-I works well to treat insomnia in kids, teens, and adults.
Even though only a few studies have directly compared dCBT-I and face-to-face approaches, it seems that both help people with insomnia feel better.
Medication
In some cases, doctors will prescribe drugs for the treatment of insomnia. All insomnia medications should be taken shortly before bed. Do not attempt to drive or perform other activities that require concentration after taking an insomnia drug because it will make you sleepy and can increase your risk for accidents. Medications should be used in combination with good sleep practices. Here are some medications that can be used to treat insomnia:
Antidepressants
Some antidepressant drugs, such as trazodone (Desyrel), are very good at treating sleeplessness and anxiety.
Benzodiazepines
These older sleeping pills — emazepam (Restoril), triazolam (Halcion), and others — may be useful when you want an insomnia medication that stays in the system longer. For instance, they have been effectively used to treat sleep problems such as sleepwalking and night terrors. These medications have some serious downsides. They can cause addiction and dependence. Dependence means that you have physical withdrawal when you stop them. Also, there is a black box warning against their use with opioids, because both depress respiration and increase your risk of overdose.
Doxepine (Silenor)
This sleep drug is approved for use in people who have trouble staying asleep. Silenor may help with sleep maintenance by blocking histamine receptors. Do not take this drug unless you have time to get a full 7 or 8 hours of sleep.
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Lunesta also helps you fall asleep quickly, and studies show people sleep an average of 7 to 8 hours while on it. Don’t take Lunesta unless you are able to get a full night’s sleep as it could cause grogginess. Because of the risk of impairment the next day, the FDA recommends the starting dose of Lunesta be no more than 1 milligram.
Lemborexant (Dayvigo)
This drug is approved for people who have trouble falling asleep and staying asleep. It works by suppressing the part of the central nervous system that keeps you awake. It may cause you to feel sleepy the next day.
Ramelteon (Rozerem)
This sleep medication works differently than the others. It works by targeting the sleep-wake cycle, not by depressing the central nervous system. It is prescribed for people who have trouble falling asleep. Rozerem can be prescribed for long-term use, and the drug has shown no evidence of abuse or dependence.
Suvorexant (Belsomra)
It works by blocking a hormone that promotes wakefulness and causes insomnia. It is approved by the FDA to treat people that have insomnia due to an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep. The drug may cause you to feel sleepy the following day.
Zaleplon (Sonata)
Of all the newer sleeping pills, Sonata stays active in the body for the shortest amount of time. That means you can try to fall asleep on your own, then, if you’re still staring at the clock at 2 a.m., you can take it without feeling drowsy in the morning. But if you tend to wake during the night, this might not be the best choice for you.
Zolpidem (Ambien, Edluar, Intermezzo)
These medicines work well at helping you get to sleep, but some people tend to wake up in the middle of the night. Zolpidem is now available in an extended-release version, Ambien CR. This may help you go to sleep and stay asleep longer. The FDA warns that you should not drive or do anything that requires you to be alert the day after taking Ambien CR because it stays in the body a long time. You should not take zolpidem unless you are able to get a full night’s sleep — at least 7 to 8 hours.
In rare instances, these medications have been known to cause injuries because of behaviors while asleep or partially asleep such as sleep walking and sleep driving, among others. The FDA has approved a prescription oral spray called Zolpimist, which contains zolpidem, for the short-term treatment of insomnia brought on by trouble falling asleep. If these medications don’t work for you, your doctor may suggest something off-label. These are medications used to treat conditions they weren’t originally made for.
Older antidepressants are sometimes prescribed to treat insomnia because they change brain chemicals, which can help regulate sleep. These older medications also tend to have a sedative effect or make you sleepy. They include:
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Mirtazapine (Remeron SolTab, Remeron)
Nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor)
Trazodone
Gabapentin
Tiagabine
The FDA issued warnings for prescription sleep drugs, alerting patients that they can cause rare allergic reactions and complex sleep-related behaviors, including “sleep driving.” They also warned people that taking sleeping medication at night can impair their ability to drive or be fully alert — even the next day. Keep in mind that sleep drugs are not for long-term use.
Talk to your doctor if you’re still having trouble sleeping after 2 weeks. For a short time, a sleeping pill can help you sleep better. But it’s important to know everything about sleeping pills that you need to know. That means knowing about the side effects of sleeping pills. If you do, you can avoid using these sleep aids in the wrong way.
What are sleeping pills?
The name for most sleeping pills is “sedative hypnotics.” That’s a group of drugs that help people fall asleep or stay asleep. Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other hypnotics are examples of sedative hypnotics. Anti-anxiety drugs like Ativan, Librium, Valium, and Xanax are called benzodiazepines. They also make people feel sleepy and help them fall asleep. Halcion is an older sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepine drug that has been mostly replaced by newer drugs. Even though these drugs may help in the short term, all benzodiazepines have the potential to become addicting and can make it hard to remember things and pay attention.
Most of the time, they are not recommended as a long-term solution for trouble sleeping. Barbiturates are another type of sedative-hypnotic drug. They slow down the central nervous system and can make you sleepy. As sedatives or sleeping pills, barbiturates can have a short or long effect.
Most of the time, though, these drugs are only used as anesthesia. If you take too much, they can kill you. Newer drugs help you fall asleep more quickly. Ambien, Lunesta, and Sonata are all sleep-inducing drugs that bind to the same brain receptors as benzodiazepines. They are less likely to cause physical dependence than benzodiazepines, but they can still sometimes do so over time. They can work quickly to make you feel sleepy and help you fall asleep.
Rozerem is a different kind of sleep aid from the ones we’ve already talked about. It changes melatonin, a hormone in the brain, and it’s not addictive. Belsomra is a unique sleep aid that works on a chemical in the brain called orexin. It is not addictive. Silenor, a low-dose version of the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin, is another non-addictive sleep aid.
What do sleeping pills do to your body?
Like most medicines, sleeping pills can make you feel bad in other ways. But you won’t know if a certain sleeping pill will cause side effects until you try it. If you have asthma or other health problems, your doctor may be able to tell you about some side effects. Sleeping pills can make it hard to breathe normally and can be dangerous for people with asthma, emphysema, or some types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is a lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. Sleeping pills like Ambien, Halcion, Lunesta, Rozerem, and Sonata often have the following side effects:
Hands, arms, feet, or legs that burn or tingle
Changes in appetite
Constipation
Diarrhea
Balance problems
Dizziness
Day-time drowsiness
Dry throat or mouth
Gas
Headache
Heartburn
Impairment the following day
Slowing of the mind or trouble paying attention or remembering
Pain or tenderness in the stomach
Shaking of a body part that can’t be stopped
Unusual dreams
Weakness
It’s important to know about the possible side effects of sleeping pills so you can stop taking them and call your doctor right away if you start to feel sick.
Sleeping Pills and Older Adults
Experts say you shouldn’t use any sleep aids if you’re 65 or older. This includes both over-the-counter drugs and newer “Z” drugs like eszopiclone (Lunesta), zaleplon (Sonata), and zolpidem (Ambien). When taking sleep aids, older adults are more likely to get sick than younger people. When you’re older, sleeping pills tend to stay in your system longer.
After taking them, you might feel sleepy all day. Confusion and trouble remembering things are also known to happen. This could cause older people to trip and fall, break their hips, or get into car accidents. Some over-the-counter sleep aids can cause other side effects that are hard for older people to deal with. You might have a dry mouth. You could also be constipated and have trouble going to the bathroom.
Before you decide to take sleeping pills, talk to your doctor. They may suggest that you get a medical exam to find out what’s causing your sleep problems, such as depression, anxiety, or a sleep disorder. Your doctor will also give you ideas for how to treat your inability to sleep without drugs.
Are there sleep-aid side effects that are more complicated?
Some sleeping pills have side effects that could be harmful, such as parasomnia. Parasomnias are movements, behaviors, and actions like sleepwalking that you can’t stop. During a parasomnia, you’re asleep and don’t know what’s going on around you. Parasomnias are complicated sleep behaviors that can happen when you take sleeping pills.
For example, you might eat, talk on the phone, or have sex while you’re sleeping. Another bad side effect of sleeping pills is sleep driving, which is driving while not fully awake. Even though parasomnias are rare, they are hard to notice once the medicine starts to work. On the labels of sleep aids and hypnotics, there is information about the possible risks of taking a sleeping pill. Because complex sleep behaviors are more likely to happen if you take more than what your doctor tells you to, don’t take more than what your doctor tells you to.
Can I have an allergic reaction to sleep aids?
Yes. People can be allergic to any medicine. The allergy could be caused by the medicine’s active ingredient or by one of its inactive ingredients, like dyes, binders, or coatings. People who are allergic to a certain sleeping pill should stay away from it. At the first sign of any of these serious side effects, you should talk to your doctor right away:
Blurry vision or any other eye problems
Chest pain
Difficulty breathing or swallowing
Feeling like your throat is closing
Hives
Hoarseness
Itching
Nausea
Rapidly beating heart
Rash
Eye, face, lip, tongue, or throat swelling
Vomiting
Also, anaphylaxis is a serious side effect that can even kill someone who is allergic to a medicine. Anaphylaxis is a sudden reaction to an allergy. Angioedema, which is a severe swelling of the face, is another possible side effect. Again, if you are allergic, you should talk to your doctor about these possibilities.
When do I take a pill to help me sleep?
Most of the time, it’s best to take a sleeping pill right before you want to go to bed. Read the instructions your doctor wrote on the label of the sleeping pill. There is specific information about your medicine in the directions. Also, always give yourself enough time to sleep before taking a sleeping pill.
TENS Units, which use electrical stimulation, are the least talked about way to help people sleep, anxiety, and other mental health concerns. In one study, people with chronic insomnia took part in an open trial to see how well low frequency electrical stimulation helped them sleep. Fifty-four people were studied for four weeks. A TENS Unit was put on their trapezius muscle five days a week, 30 minutes to an hour before bed. The study’s results showed that low-frequency electrical stimulation made poor sleep and insomnia a lot easier to deal with. This also made people feel less sleepy during the day, which helped improve their overall quality of life. There are many high-quality TENS machines available online. Some of the best options are made by Oxiline.
EMS (Electrical Muscle Stimulation)
Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) technology supports muscle recovery and helps reduce tension and muscle discomfort, thereby supporting better sleep. From professional athletes and fitness enthusiasts to busy moms and everyday people who experience muscle pain or muscle atrophy, electric muscle stimulation offers a safe, scientifically sound way to support fitness recovery, decrease muscle pain and enhance a healthy sleep schedule. EMS devices typically come with a dual function which includes TENS. There are many viable options, but for a wide variety of choices, you can check out Therabody.
Acupuncture
There are many reports that acupuncture helps a lot with insomnia with very few side-effects, but there has yet to be a systematic study of its efficacy and safety.
Hypnosis
People often get the wrong idea about hypnosis because of how it is shown in movies and TV shows. Because of this, it is often overlooked or written off as a possible treatment for a wide range of health problems. When done in a specific way, hypnosis can help a person pay attention in a way that makes it easier for them to listen to suggestions that can help them change the way they think and act. Early research shows that it may help people with insomnia and other sleep problems and has few side effects.
Before starting sleep hypnosis, it’s important to know what it is, how it works, what its pros and cons are, and how to get the most out of it. Hypnosis is a state of mind where a person is very focused on a single thought or image. This makes them less aware of their surroundings and can make them seem to be in a trance-like state.
During hypnosis, the brain activity of a person changes, making them more open to new ideas. Hypnotherapy has been shown to help with pain and some side effects of cancer treatment, among other health problems. It can help with some mental health problems.
Hypnosis does not control the mind. During hypnosis, a person is usually more receptive to suggestions, but they still have control over what they do. Most worries about mind control come from stage shows or TV shows that don’t show how hypnosis is used in real medicine. Even though some people who are very easy to hypnotize may seem to be completely controlled by a hypnotist, decades of research show that hypnosis is not the same as mind control. Hypnosis does not involve falling asleep. Instead, a person stays awake, but their attention is fixed in a way that might make them look like they are in a trance or just not paying attention.
Sleep hypnosis is when hypnotherapy is used to help people who have trouble sleeping. Sleep hypnosis is not meant to make someone fall asleep during the hypnosis. Instead, it changes bad sleep-related thoughts or habits so that the person can sleep better after hypnotherapy. Hypnosis can help people sleep, but it can be used with other treatments as well. For instance, it can be used with cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).. Sleep hypnosis may also help people develop better sleep habits and better sleep hygiene.
Aromatherapy
Essential oils are oils derived from plants, usually by crushing and steam distilling parts of the plant. A variety of essential oils have been used as medical treatments since ancient times. Aromatherapy involves inhaling essential oil scents or vapor in hopes of obtaining positive health effects. Research demonstrates that because smell affects sleep, incorporating certain essential oils into your bedtime routine may help people sleep better. Learn about the best essential oils for sleep to determine which ones you want to bring into your bedroom environment.
.Lavender
Lavender, a purple flowering shrub, seems to be the plant with the essential oil that is most studied by scientists. This essential oil calms the nervous system, primarily due to the chemical compounds linalool and linalyl acetate found within it. Many studies demonstrate lavender’s positive effect on sleep in a variety of people. People with insomnia — especially women, younger people, and those with mild insomnia — reported improved sleep after breathing in steam filled with lavender essential oil. In students, exposure to lavender aroma at nighttime reduced sleepiness upon waking the following day. Ischemic heart disease patients sleeping in a hospital’s intensive care unit experienced improved quality of sleep after hours of lavender aromatherapy. Women between ages 45 and 55 experienced improved sleep quality after lavender aromatherapy. Hospital patients with coronary artery disease experienced improved sleep and reduced anxiety after inhaling a lavender essential oil. Postpartum mothers who inhaled lavender essential oil and kept cotton balls soaked with lavender essential oil in the room as they slept enjoyed improved sleep. Lavender can be put on a pillow to be inhaled during the night or combined with other oils and used for massage, as it is easily absorbed by the skin. Combining lavender aromatherapy with sleep hygiene techniques improves sleep more than lavender alone.
Bergamot
Bergamot is a fragrant herb native to North America, often grown to attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies. Research suggests bergamot may help with a variety of ailments. Sometimes, bergamot is ingested in extract form or as a juice. Bergamot essential oil may also be inhaled or diffused throughout a room.
When bergamot essential oil is experienced as aromatherapy, it may lower blood pressure and improve mental health. These calming properties might be why bergamot is thought to improve sleep. However, many sleep studies involving bergamot use essential oil mixtures rather than bergamot oil alone, making it difficult to determine the precise effects bergamot essential oil has on sleep. One such study of healthy women found that a mixture of bergamot and sandalwood essential oils improved sleep quality in 64% of study participants. Another study of people in cardiac rehabilitation found that sleep quality significantly increased after exposure to an aromatherapy mixture of bergamot, lavender, and ylang-ylang.
Chamomile
There are two types of chamomile plants: Roman and German. These plant varieties are similar, although they have different combinations of active ingredients and, as a result, potentially different effects. Roman chamomile essential oil is more known for reducing anxiety, while German chamomile is known for relieving pain.
If a person experiences anxiety or pain that interferes with sleep, reducing those symptoms could in turn improve sleep. The effect drinking chamomile tea has on sleep is more commonly studied, but people do engage in chamomile aromatherapy for sleep as well. Roman chamomile, lavender, and neroli is an essential oil blend for sleep that has been scientifically studied. This blend reduced anxiety and improved sleep quality in a study of patients staying in an intensive care unit.
If you would like to reduce anxiety as part of your sleep hygiene routine, chamomile is one of the best essential oils for sleep and anxiety. In one study, inhaling a mixture of chamomile and lavender essential oils reduced anxiety in nurses. There was an even greater reduction when aromatherapy was paired with music. In another study, Roman chamomile aromatherapy reduced anxiety in pregnant women.
Cedarwood
If you enjoy woodsy scents, consider incorporating cedarwood essential oil as you create your ideal bedroom for sleep. Cedarwood oil has a sedative effect due to a chemical compound called cedrol. The sedative effects of cedrol have been studied in both animals and humans. Inhaling an essential oil mixture that contains cedrol has been demonstrated to improve sleep quality in both young, healthy adults and older adults with dementia, likely because it activates the parasympathetic nervous system.
Researchers recommend using cedarwood oil for at least 20 nights to see effects. Cedarwood oil, along with other essential oils, may increase total sleep time and reduce early morning awakenings. Cedarwood oil appears to be versatile, improving sleep in a variety of different types of people. One study focused on women in their 20s, 30s, and 40s living in Japan, Norway, and Thailand. Cedrol had a sedative effect across groups, even though women in different countries had different baseline levels of anxiety and average sleep times.
Clary Sage Oil
Native to southern Europe, clary sage is an herb. Although it isn’t the same plant as the popular dried herb sage, it is often used similarly for flavoring foods. Some people may also use clary sage essential oil for its sleep-promoting properties. Studies show that clary sage oil has an antidepressant effect and reduces cortisol levels. Since cortisol impacts circadian rhythms and appears to be tied to alertness, reducing cortisol may promote sleep.
Clary sage may also improve sleep by reducing anxiety. In one study, clary sage oil inhalation appeared to reduce stress in medical patients by lowering their blood pressure and respiratory rate. If anxiety interferes with your ability to sleep and you enjoy the smell of herbs, clary sage oil might be a good option for you.
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Most amino acids come from protein. Amino acids are the building blocks our brain uses to make neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, essential components of body life wellness. For example, the amino acid l-tyrosine is used in combination with certain nutrients to create dopamine and norepinephrine. Therefore, it’s essential that we get enough amino acids from our diet on a daily basis.
Protein Requirements
According to SCL Health, the average sedentary adult male should get about 56 grams of protein from their diet daily, and a female should get about 48 grams. It’s important to note that they are referring to a sedentary person. Ideally–especially if we’re dealing with mental health concerns–we are exercising on a regular basis. That would mean that we require even more protein. It can be difficult to get that much protein consistently.
Protein Powders
That’s when protein powders come in handy. The problem is, though, that most protein powders on the market are filled with a variety of odd and artificial ingredients that could be bad for your health, especially your gut health, which is an essential component of your health. Of course, healthy protein powders do exist, and using them on a daily basis could improve your mood, energy, concentration, motivation, and reduce anxiety and stress. The one I have found most helpful is called Drink Wholesome.
That’s Not All
Their protein powder is my breakfast every morning, but the fact that I’m blending a drink gives me the opportunity to use other ways of improving my health. I include some vegetables, fruit, and spices (curcumin), as well. The flavor from the protein powder manages to cover up any of the flavors I’m not particularly fond of, and it ends up tasting great.
Gut Health
The gut is often referred to as the second brain. It is now being understood that it is nearly as important for our mental health as our brain. Artificial ingredients, added sugars, and other harmful substances harm, firstly, our gut. Drink Wholesome‘s primary goal is to make protein powders and meal replacements that are good for your gut. Other ways of improving gut health include l-glutamine, prebiotics, and probiotics. Think of taking care of your gut as one part of taking care of your mental health.
In a recent research, it was shown that eating a diet high in fruits, vegetables, fish, and legumes resulted in a remission of symptoms in one-third of the participants who were adults with depression. Emotional control and cognitive function are significantly influenced by the foods you consume, which also affect the structure and function of your brain.
Amino acids included in foods high in protein help create important neurotransmitters that are used to treat and prevent sadness and anxiety. You may avoid sugary, processed foods, which can cause anxiety and sadness, by eating meals and snacks that are protein-packed. Protein-rich foods may help you feel more energetic and give you the drive to start exercising and feel better.
Protein Enhances Neurotransmitter Performance
The generation of neurotransmitters depends heavily on amino acids, the components of protein. The substances known as neurotransmitters are what enable brain cells to interact with one another. For instance, when you consume chicken, your body breaks down the protein and creates the amino acid L-Tyrosine, which is then used to make dopamine. Numerous illnesses, such as melancholy, addiction, ADHD, Alzheimer’s, and schizophrenia, are linked to low dopamine levels.
The precursor of serotonin is the amino acid L-tryptophan, which is present in chicken, fish, dairy products, and nuts. Consuming meals high in L-tryptophan may elevate mood and increase the efficiency of SSRIs and other antidepressants.
Consuming More Protein Can Reduce Your Sugar Intake
You’re less likely to grab for sugary snacks when protein-rich meals are the mainstay of your diet. Increased sugar consumption may harm all of your body’s systems and jeopardize your physical and emotional wellbeing. A protein known as BDNF may be the connection between sugar and sadness, according to research looking into the relationship. In the brain, BDNF is crucial for the survival, development, and differentiation of nerve cells. Sugar reduces BDNF activity, which is often already low in depressed individuals. Increasing your protein intake will help you curb your sweet craving and maintain stable blood sugar levels.
Consider protein bars as an example of a snacking strategy that may keep you full between meals. However, you should be aware of the sugar level in protein bars since some of them can have the same amount of added sugar as a cookie. The
Mood Effects of Anemia
Foods that are frequently rich in iron are included in the protein macronutrient group. Low iron levels are the most prevalent dietary deficit in the world and may lead to anemia. You can experience anemia-related weariness, irritability, and disengagement. Depression symptoms might be exacerbated if you feel uninspired or unable to maintain physical exercise for extended periods of time. Include protein sources high in iron in your diet if you have been diagnosed with anemia.
Your mood and ability to function will both improve after your anemia has been treated. Nutrition may play a significant role in maintaining good mental health, among other factors. Protein is a necessary food for all bodily functions, including the healthy operation of the brain. Including plenty of protein in your meal plan may be a crucial act of self-care that can help with melancholy and anxiety.
Therapy Solutions presents three free chapters from “The Anxiety Book: How to Minimize Anxiety Naturally”
Chapter 5: Psychology
Therapy could be a solution since your own thoughts could be causing or exacerbating your anxiety. Joy wellness can be found. Sometimes, we have anxious thoughts because of neurochemical issues and sometimes we have neurochemical issues because of anxious thoughts. It’s difficult to say which comes first and how much they feed into one another. Other than therapy, here are some solutions on how to deal with and improve upon anxious thought patterns.
Deep Breathing
This can bring increased comfort, relaxation, pleasantness, vigor and alertness, joy wellness, and reduced symptoms of arousal, anxiety, depression, anger, and confusion.
Exercise
If you find you can force yourself to exercise, it can have tremendous benefits. Exercise is well-known for its physical benefits, and it has long been recommended for mental well-being, joy, and wellness. However, scientists are getting closer to figuring out just how exercise works its brain magic. They are learning that exercise has a significant impact on brain structure, particularly in areas impacted by depression and schizophrenia. Other, more subtle effects include increased attention, a sense of achievement, and occasionally social stimulation, all of which are therapeutic in and of themselves. While more physical exercise is always preferable, even small amounts of physical activity, such as a daily stroll, can have a huge impact on mental health.
“Physical activity is a really powerful intervention,” says Anders Hovland, a clinical psychologist at the University of Bergen in Norway. However, modifying the structure of the brain isn’t the only way that physical activity may help people with mental illnesses. According to Smith, the practice of exercising can be beneficial in and of itself by modifying people’s mental habits. Simply doing something — anything — can be beneficial in and of itself for persons with mental health concerns since it focuses their attention and stops them from obsessing on their situation. Indeed, one review of the data revealed that placebo exercise — that is, moderate stretching that is too light to have any physiological effect — had almost half the positive impact on mental health as vigorous exercise.
Regular exercises not only occupy the mind, but they also provide exercisers with a definite sense of progress as their strength and conditioning increase. According to Gordon, this sense of success — which may be especially noticeable in weight training, where people make rapid, easily observable increases — might help alleviate some of the stress of anxiety and melancholy. If that’s the case, learning to play a musical instrument, learning a language, and a variety of other hobbies might help people cope with mental health issues in a similar way. But exercise has additional benefits, making it one of the finest ways to manage mental health.
“Anything can provide advantages,” Firth adds, “but exercise may provide larger benefits, wellness, and joy.” For one reason, moderate exercise trains people to tolerate short-term discomfort in exchange for long-term benefits. People with anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or panic attacks, have a diminished ability to bear mental discomfort, thus events that most people would manage with result in uncontrollable distress.
There’s now evidence that regular exercise increases tolerance for internal discomfort, which might explain why it’s so effective at controlling these disorders. However, there are certain drawbacks to using exercise as a mental health treatment. Even mild movement, such as moving around every now and then during the day rather than sitting for long periods of time, may be beneficial. Aaron Kandola, a psychiatric epidemiologist at University College London, and his colleagues discovered that teenagers who engaged in more light exercise during the day had a reduced incidence of depressive symptoms than those who spent more time sitting in a study of almost 4,000 adolescents in the UK.
Force Yourself to Do Something You Normally Enjoy
You don’t even have to enjoy it. Just do it anyway. It may bring some benefits. It may not. It will very unlikely make things worse. But the chances are, you’ll enjoy it at least a little bit, and it might give you the energy and motivation to do something else afterwards, creating a snowball effect.
Talk to a Friend or Professional
Talking about your problems with a friend is proven to be beneficial, but even if you don’t want to talk about what’s going on with you, just chatting can be a great help. If you don’t have a friend you can talk to when you need it most, just text “Home” to 714714, and you’ll be connected, through texting, to a 24/7 crisis counseling line, which you can utilize as often as you need. I’m a crisis counselor for this program and can vouch for its excellence as a program.
Behavioral Activation
Depression and anxiety sap a person’s energy to do just about anything—even activities they enjoy. As a result, people with depression tend to become less active, which causes the depression to worsen. However, even a little bit of activity can help stop this cycle.
Social Support
Social isolation is a common symptom of depression. Related issues—such as fatigue, lowered self-esteem, and anxiety—exacerbate this problem. Resisting social isolation, and instead leaning on social support, can improve resilience to stress and depression. As you can see, a lot of the time, you do the opposite of what you want.
Lean on your existing relationships.
Make it a priority to socialize with friends or family every day. If this is proving difficult, or if no one is nearby, plan times to interact remotely. Try cooking together on a video call, playing a game together, or sharing a coffee over the phone. Maybe you’re doing the opposite of what you want.
Say “yes” to socializing.
Depression makes it tempting to stay home, isolated from friends and family. Make a habit of saying “yes” to social opportunities, even when you’re tempted to stay in. You do the opposite of what you want.
Join a support group.
Support groups let you connect with others who are dealing with issues like yours. You’ll benefit from sharing and receiving advice and support, helping you find joy wellness.
Three Good Things
Negative thinking is a defining feature of depression. Positive experiences are minimized, while negative experiences are magnified. Gratitude helps combat this tendency by shifting focus toward positive experiences, rather than negative ones. Write about three positive experiences from your day. These experiences can be small (“The weather was perfect when I walked to work”) or big (“I got a promotion at work”).
Mindfulness
Mindfulness means paying attention to the present moment. It means taking a step back and noticing the world, and one’s thoughts and feelings, without judgment. The goal of mindfulness is to simply observe. Mindfulness helps reduce the worry and rumination that often accompanies depression. One way to practice mindfulness is through meditation. During mindfulness meditation, you will simply sit and focus your attention on the sensation of breathing. By focusing on your breathing, you will put yourself in the here-and-now.
Time and Place
Find a quiet, comfortable place where you can practice mindfulness for 15 to 30 minutes every day. Frequent and consistent practice leads to the best results, but some practice is better than none.
Posture
Sit in a chair or lie down in a comfortable position. Close your eyes or let your gaze soften. Let your head, shoulders, arms, and legs relax. Adjust your posture whenever you feel uncomfortable.
Awareness of Breath
Focus on your breathing. Notice the sensation of the air as it travels in through your nose and out through your mouth. Notice the gentle rise and fall of your belly.
Wandering Mind
During meditation, it’s normal for the mind to wander. When this happens, gently turn your attention back to your breathing. You may need to do this frequently throughout your practice. Focus on your breathing. Tell yourself that again and again. Focus on your breathing.
Chapter 6: GABA
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It reduces a nerve cell’s capacity to produce, receive, or communicate chemical signals with other nerve cells. Changing levels of GABA are connected to a wide range of medical conditions. The GABA receptor is the target of numerous medications.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): What is it?
In your brain, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as a neurotransmitter, or chemical messenger. By obstructing particular signals in your central nervous system (your brain and spinal cord), it slows down your brain. GABA is well known for its calming effects. It is believed to have a significant impact on regulating nerve cell hyperactivity linked to anxiety, stress, and fear. GABA is also known as a neurotransmitter made up of non-protein amino acids.
What is the mechanism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
Your central nervous system’s most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter is GABA. Inhibitory neurotransmitters reduce the stimulation of nerve cells in your brain by preventing or blocking chemical messages. Most neurotransmitters function in a similar manner. They are chemical messengers that transfer information between nerve cells in your brain. A synapse, which is a tiny area filled with fluid between each nerve cell, is present. Neurotransmitters must pass through this synapse to reach the next nerve cell, where they must bind to specific receptors, much like a key that can only fit and function in its complementary lock. GABA-A and GABA-B are the two different types of GABA receptors found on nerve cells. The responsiveness of the nerve cell is decreased when GABA binds to these receptors, despite the fact that they function in various ways. As an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA reduces a nerve cell’s capacity to produce, receive, or transmit chemical signals to other nerve cells.
What are GABA’s health advantages?
GABA is thought to have the following effects by slowing down specific brain processes:
Reduce stress
Calm your nerves.
Improve your sleep.
What connection does glutamate have to GABA?
Your brain’s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, prevents the transmission of chemical signals from one nerve cell to another. The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in your brain, glutamate, on the other hand, enables the transmission of chemical messages from one nerve cell to another. The inhibitory effects of GABA and the excitatory effects of glutamate must coexist in a delicate balance for the brain to function properly. Along with serotonin, GABA collaborates with another neurotransmitter. In actuality, a healthy body and brain depend on a variety of neurotransmitters that interact and compete with one another in specific ways. Actually, the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase reacts with glutamate to produce GABA.
Which medical conditions are related to variations in GABA levels?
It is believed that certain neurologic and mental health issues are connected to periods when GABA messaging activity (or “signaling”) is out of balance and not functioning properly. Reduced GABA activity could lead to:
Mood and anxiety disorders
Schizophrenia
Autism
Depression
Seizures
What drugs specifically target GABA?
The GABA receptors are the target of numerous medications. These consist of:
Benzodiazepines. The GABA-A receptor is the target of this class of medications, which also includes diazepam (Valium®) and alprazolam (Xanax®). Surgery, the treatment of epilepsy, REM sleep disorders, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety, essential tremor, and muscle spasticity all benefit from the use of benzodiazepines.
Barbiturates. These sedative medications.
Sabil® brand of vigabatrin. This medication is used to treat infant seizures and spasms.
(Romazicon®) Flumazenil. The overdose of benzodiazepines is treated with this medicine. Additionally, it helps those with hepatic encephalopathy’s mental state.
Valproate Acid. Both a mood stabilizer and an anti-seizure drug, this one.
Zolpidem (Edluar®, Ambien®). This is a hypnotic-sedative. Insomnia is treated with it.
(Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) Gabapentin. This medication is used to treat nerve pain, seizures, insomnia, and anxiety.
Propofol, also known as Diprivan®. General anesthesia uses this medication as a sedative.
Gablofen®, Lioresal®, and Baclofen. This medication relaxes muscles and is often prescribed for anxiety.
GABA as a Dietary Supplement? GABA is a dietary supplement that is offered. The majority of it, though, might not be able to penetrate your brain. (In technical parlance, this is referred to as “crossing the blood-brain barrier.” The barrier is a special membrane that only lets specific molecules travel to and from your brain through it. Therefore, it is unknown whether taking dietary GABA supplements will have any effects on your brain. There isn’t enough solid scientific evidence to date to back up the use of a GABA supplement to treat ailments. More research with more participants is required.
Do foods contain GABA?
Some fermented foods, like kimchi, miso, and tempeh, contain GABA. It can also be found in oolong, green, and black tea. Brown rice, soy, and adzuki beans, chestnuts, mushrooms, tomatoes, spinach, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, sprouted grains, and sweet potatoes are additional foods that either contain GABA or help your body produce more of it. It’s unclear whether eating foods containing GABA enables GABA to enter your brain, similar to supplements. More studies involving sizable participant numbers are required. The most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in your central nervous system is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
GABA reduces a nerve cell’s capacity to produce, receive, or communicate chemical signals to other nerve cells. GABA is well known for its calming effects. It is believed to be extremely important in managing stress, anxiety, and fear. Several neurological and mental health conditions, as well as other medical conditions, have been linked to decreased GABA levels. Increasing GABA levels may aid in the treatment of diabetes, high blood pressure, and insomnia. The GABA receptor is a primary target of drug development by pharmaceutical companies due to the high levels of GABA in your brain. More people need to be studied to determine how well GABA supplements and foods work to prevent and treat medical conditions. Speak with your healthcare provider about the best course of action for treating your medical condition before buying GABA supplements or consuming specific foods that contain GABA.
Chapter 7: Oxytocin
Although the symptoms of generalized social anxiety disorder are sometimes alleviated by antidepressant medicines such as Prozac, and tranquilizers such as Valium, these medications do not work for everyone. The researchers looked at the anxiety-reducing effects of oxytocin, a neurotransmitter sometimes called the “love hormone” for its ability to reduce stress and promote pro-social behaviors such as trust, empathy, and openness to social risk. Oxytocin has now been shown to make the amygdala less reactive to pictures of threatening or fearful faces. Previous research identified the amygdala as a crucial brain area for emotional processing.
In a paper appearing August 6th in Neuropsychopharmacology, researchers expanded on previous findings showing oxytocin’s influence on the amygdala. The research team was led by Stephanie M. Gorka, Ph.D., of the University of Illinois and included Pradeep Nathan, Ph.D., of Cambridge University (formally Monash University), recipient of a 2007 NARSAD Independent Investigator grant. They examined how oxytocin affects connections between the amygdala and other parts of the brain in people with anxiety disorder. As study participants viewed fearful faces, brain scans with functional MRI showed that the amygdala communicated significantly less with other parts of the brain in those with generalized social anxiety, compared to those not diagnosed with anxiety disorder.
The less connected the amygdala was to other brain regions, the higher the anxious participants’ baseline stress levels were. Importantly, oxytocin reversed those trends by increasing amygdala connectivity in anxiety patients, while decreasing amygdala connectivity in everyone else. These findings suggest that oxytocin can have specific effects in people with anxiety through its influence on the amygdala.
More broadly, the fact that oxytocin had opposite effects in the two participant groups indicates that the neurotransmitter’s success in reducing stress and promoting social behavior depends on individual brain characteristics, which differ between those with anxiety and those without the disorder. Thus, while oxytocin continues to show promise as a potential treatment for anxiety, it may not promote positive social behaviors in everyone. As noted by Professor Nathan and colleagues, these findings are preliminary.
To better assess how presumed changes in the brain influence actual experiences of anxiety, further research is needed to test oxytocin on more people with and without anxiety disorders. This, the scientists say, will be crucial in determining whether and exactly how oxytocin can improve treatment for anxiety disorders. Foods that may increase oxytocin include:
Here are some of the most common symptoms associated with common chemical imbalances. Following that, are how certain supplements, medications, and drugs affect these various chemicals, therapy that can be trusted. If something is left blank, that means I was unable to find information one way or another. If something is marked “n/a,” that means there is little to no effect done in that regard.
Low Serotonin
Depression and other mood problems
Anxiety
Sleep problems
Digestive problems
Suicidal behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Panic disorders
Schizophrenia
Phobias
Low Dopamine
You lack motivation
You’re tired
You can’t concentrate
You’re moody or anxious
You don’t feel pleasure from previously enjoyable experiences
You’re depressed; you feel hopeless
You have a low sex drive
Low Norepinephrine
Anxiety
Depression
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Headaches
Memory problems
Sleeping problems
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
High Norepinephrine
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Excessive sweating
Cold or pale skin
Severe headaches
Nervous feeling, jitters
Pheochromocytoma, which is an adrenal gland tumor
Low Gaba
Anxiety
Depression
Insomnia
Low Cortisol
Fatigue and morning sluggishness
Depression
Anxiety
Weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to infection and sickness
Loss of resilience in stressful situations
Brain fog or mid-day lack of focus
Cravings for salty or sweet foods
High Cortisol
rapid weight gain mainly in the face, chest and abdomen contrasted with slender arms and legs
a flushed and round face
high blood pressure
osteoporosis
skin changes (bruises and purple stretch marks)
muscle weakness
mood swings, which show as anxiety, depression or irritability.
Nootropics, the center of mind therapy, also referred to as “smart drugs,” are a variety of therapeutic substances that enhance memory, learning, and thinking in people, particularly when these abilities are compromised. This diverse group of substances has been divided into four subgroups based on their characteristics and effects: traditional nootropic compounds, substances that speed up brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and plant extracts with nootropic effects.
Everyone has fantasized about improving their intelligence, speeding up their learning process, retaining information better, and thinking and acting more quickly. There are substances on the market right now that promise different combinations of the aforementioned advantages. The term “nootropics” refers to this class of substances.
Although these drugs are more useful in situations where cognitive functions are obviously impaired, healthy people are still interested in them due to their capacity to boost intelligence and memory. The vast majority of these drugs are naturally occurring], do not require a prescription, and are typically available as food supplements or herbal extracts. They are somewhat harder to find in synthetic form, and some preparations do need a valid prescription to buy. Patients with cognitive impairments typically tolerate nootropics well; side effects are rare and typically mild when they do occur. Since the majority of nootropics take time to take effect after a single dose, sustained use is required to see the desired effects. On healthy people, however, it is still unclear how they will behave in the long run.
How Do Nootropics Work?
Cornelius E. Giurgea coined the term “nootropic” in 1972/1973 to refer to substances that primarily activate cognitive processes like memory and learning, particularly in conditions where these processes are impaired. They essentially disrupt the central nervous system’s (CNS) neuronal cells’ metabolism. The name is made up of the Greek words tropein, which means to lead, and nöos, which means thinking.
Nootropics have antihypoxic effects, improve the brain’s supply of glucose and oxygen, and safeguard brain tissue from neurotoxicity rather than acting directly by releasing neurotransmitters or acting as receptor ligands. Additionally, they stimulate phospholipid metabolism in neurohormonal membranes and have a positive impact on the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids in neurons. It has been discovered that some nootropics have an anti-aggregation effect, influence the removal of oxygen free radicals, and enhance erythrocyte plasticity. This enhances the blood’s rheological characteristics and enhances blood flow to the brain. These substances are metabolically active, but the majority of nootropics take a while to start working after a single dose and usually need repeated use. For them to improve brain metabolism and produce stable changes, they must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Indications
Nootropics are used to treat memory, consciousness, and learning disorders in acute or subacute conditions. They are advised for brain damage that is already present and showing symptoms like memory loss, mental retardation, and changes in the nature of consciousness. The medical term for this condition is acute psychoorganic syndrome (POS). In most cases, it can be reversed, but in rare circumstances, dementia can develop. Brain injury, infection, stroke, or intoxication (alcohol, medications with a central anticholinergic effect, or carbon monoxide) can all result in acute POS. The POS group also includes delirium tremens. Chronic cognitive function disorders like mental retardation or memory loss may also be used as indicators. In these situations, nootropics are frequently administered, but their efficacy, particularly in cases of more severe dementia, is debatable. They appear to work better in people with mild cognitive impairments or what is known as benign senescent forgetting, which is a slowing of brain activity without the onset of dementia. Nootropics are occasionally used to treat attention and memory disorders brought on by exhaustion and fatigue. They are also used by patients with encephalopathy and children with minimal brain dysfunction syndrome, and their impact on myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome) has also been studied. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, hyperkinetic disorder, or senile dementia are given nootropics as cognitive enhancers.
Nootropic Therapy
Typically, nootropics are very well tolerated. Their effectiveness depends on the dose size, and in practice, giving a dose that is too small is a common error. After the conscious disturbance has subsided, the course of treatment should be continued for at least two to three weeks.
Students
Students in particular are interested in nootropics because of their alleged capacity to boost intelligence and enhance memory and cognitive functions. They are referred to as “smart drugs” among them. Since the majority of nootropics come from natural sources, students can buy them as dietary supplements or over-the-counter medications. Nootropics are also becoming more widely available online, like many other substances and medications. However, the use of nootropics by healthy people raises serious concerns because there isn’t enough clinical evidence to support their effectiveness, safety, and social effects, particularly when used over an extended period of time.
Natural vs. Synthetic nootropics: Benefits and Drawbacks
Natural drugs derived from various plant organs (such as flowers, leaves, roots, etc.) have the undeniable advantage of having a wider range of potentially advantageous pharmaceutical effects. This is a result of the complex chemical makeup of herbal drugs, which can have additive or synergistic effects. Additionally, natural nootropics typically have lower toxicity, which lowers the risk of negative side effects from an overdose. However, some substances can lessen the medicinal activity of other substances.
Because higher dosages of such a herbal drug are required to produce the desired result, plant extracts are frequently used. Additionally, there is a problem with storage, potential falsification, and authenticity verification. The benefits of synthetic compounds include their pharmaceutical purity, specificity of action, and potential for increased effect through chemical structure modification. They typically work at lower doses, but there is a higher chance of overdosing as a result.
DMAE Deanol
The chemical name is 2-(dimethylamino)ethan-1-ol. In the human brain, the substance is physiologically present. Deanol is frequently promoted as a natural nutritional supplement. DMAE is found in many dietary supplements as tartaric acid salts (bitartrate salts). Fish, particularly salmon and shellfish, can also provide small amounts, especially in small amounts. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory, and deanol is a choline precursor that enables the brain to produce it at its optimal level.
In vivo rat experiments, dimethylaminoethanol pyroglutamate increased the extracellular levels of choline and acetylcholine in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. It also enhanced spatial memory and lessened memory deficits brought on by scopolamine. Rats’ performance in the radial arm maze with dimethylaminoethanol cyclohexyl carboxylate fumarate was significantly improved. Humans who took supplements containing vitamins, minerals, and substances containing DMAE for three months showed improved alertness, attention, and overall mood, according to an electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis.
Additionally, DMAE enhanced sleep quality and had the power to bring on lucid dreams. Its administration has been studied in patients with minimal brain dysfunction syndrome and child hyperkinetic syndrome. The recommended daily DMAE bitartrate dosage is 500–2000 mg. It should not be used by women who are pregnant or nursing, or by people who have schizophrenia.
Meclofenoxate
Two components make up the meclofenoxate molecule. The first component is a synthetic auxin, a 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid that functions to exchange carbohydrates and is similar to the natural auxin, indoleacetic acid, found in plant cells. The previously mentioned 2-(dimethylamino)ethan-1-ol, also known as deanol, makes up the second portion of the molecule. When given parenterally, meclofenoxate is well absorbed.
In vivo (in rats), it markedly raised CNS choline levels. This rise in choline was accompanied by a rise in acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus. As a result, although it appears to be about twice as effective as deanol, its effects on the levels of choline and acetylcholine in the brain are comparable. Meclofenoxate (100 mg/kg, daily for 37 days) significantly reduced neuronal damage, proinflammatory mediator levels, and oxidative stress in rats and significantly improved memory impairment. Cerebrovascular dementia may be helped by the capacity to reduce memory impairments and neuronal damage. Meclofenoxate also improved long-term memory consolidation and mental alertness in an elderly population in a double-blind study. It might be a helpful therapeutic tool for reviving depressed cholinergic neurons and managing dyskinesias brought on by neuroleptics. Meclofenoxate is used to lessen the general slowdown in speech, thinking, and mental activity brought on by CNS intoxication and injury.
It also improves the status of qualitatively altered consciousness and has an antihypoxic effect. Additionally, it has been studied for the treatment of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. 500–2000 mg should be taken each day. It is thought that meclofenoxate is both safe and tolerable. Dizziness, agitation, nausea, and headache are a few potential side effects that can result from an overdose.
Nicergoline
Since 1970, the ergot alkaloid nicergoline, also known as nicergoline, has been used in clinical settings. Nicergoline was first created as a vasodilator for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
Current clinical applications include the treatment of vascular or degenerative syndromes marked by affective, behavioral, and somatic disorders, as well as cognitive impairment with diminished intellect. It is specifically used to treat memory loss, diminished alertness, concentration difficulties, mood swings, fatigue, and disorders of the vestibular and cochlea Nicergoline’s effects are diverse. It provided in vitro protection against -amyloid toxicity for cultured neurons.
Nicergoline has been demonstrated to be a potent medication for preventing neuronal vulnerability brought on by experimentally induced nerve growth factor deprivation, as well as improving cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmitter function in rats in vivo. It promoted metabolic activity (resulting in increased oxygen and glucose utilization), acted as an antagonist of 1-adrenoceptors, increased arterial blood circulation, inhibited platelet aggregation, and had neurotrophic and antioxidant properties in rats in vivo. In mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, nigroline also had an improvement in cognitive function. Vasodilation and an increase in cerebral blood flow were caused by nicergoline. Patients with vascular dementia have also shown it to be effective. In patients with ischemic stroke, nicergoline demonstrated a comprehensively positive impact on various facets of cerebral, systemic, and cardiac hemodynamics. Nicergoline improved alertness and information processing at the neurophysiological level in patients with multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, which resulted in clinical improvement at the behavioral level in both degenerative and vascular dementia, according to an electroencephalogram/event-related potential (EEG/ERP) mapping study.
The recommended dose per day is 30–60 mg. The most common side effects are headache, nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, and fainting. Nicergoline is not advised for use during pregnancy or lactation due to the lack of experience with it in pregnant women.
Piracetam
2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide is the chemical name for piracetam. It is a cyclic derivative of acetamide and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Piracetam is thought to affect brain neurotransmission by altering Ca2+ and K+ ion channels, which results in a general increase in neuronal excitability. Through muscarinic receptors, it improved the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In rat models, it also affected n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in vivo, increasing cell membrane permeability.
Additionally, piracetam has been shown to increase brain oxygen consumption, and it also increased in vivo adenylate kinase activity in the rat brain in relation to adenosine triphosphate metabolism. Cytochrome b5 is involved in the mechanism of electron transport in mitochondria, where it also increases permeability, and it appears to increase its synthesis. It enhanced interhemispheric transmission, reduced the severity of hypoxia-induced nerve cell damage, and elevated glucose metabolism in the rat brain. Piracetam has undergone tests for stroke, unconsciousness, alcohol withdrawal symptoms treatment, and alcohol-induced hypoxia prevention. Additionally, it enhanced rat models with xenobiotic-affected brain function. Piracetam improves erythrocyte plasticity, which leads to increased brain perfusion in addition to its metabolic impact on brain tissue.
Clinical applications included the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic cognitive and mental dysfunction as well as the enhancement of learning and memory abilities in children with developmental dyslexia. Oxiracetam, pramiracetam, etiracetam, nefiracetam, and aniracetam are the structural analogues of piracetam. Although their efficacy varies, these substances have similar effects to piracetam.
The recommended daily dosage of piracetam for acute treatment is 4–8 g. The maintenance dose is typically between 2-4 g/day, with kidney function taken into account. The only infrequent side effects of piracetam are insomnia, irritability, an increase in libido, and altered sexual function. With regard to piracetam during pregnancy, there is insufficient clinical experience.
Although piracetam should only be used during pregnancy after carefully weighing the anticipated benefits against the potential risks, animal studies have not revealed any teratogenic or other embryotoxic effects. It must not be used while nursing.
Pyritinol
Pyritinol was created in 1961 by joining two molecules of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) through a disulfide bridge. It is also known as pyridoxine disulfide or pyrithioxin (Figure 5). Similar to pyridoxine, it affects various organ systems differently; however, the CNS is the main organ system where pyritinol manifests observable pharmacological effects. Pyritinol penetrates the blood-brain barrier and builds up in gray matter, particularly in the cortex, cerebellum, cerebral nuclei, and hippocampus.
Numerous neurotransmitters have been shown to be affected in animal studies. Increased choline acetyltransferase activity was found in rat in vivo assays, which caused choline to accumulate in cholinergic neurons. Pyritinol helps the brain recover from deficits brought on by aging.
For instance, pyritinol metabolites improved cortical acetylcholine concentration and release as well as nucleic acid metabolism in the brain in old rats. In elderly diabetic rats, pyritinol oral administration either acutely or protractedly decreased formaldehyde-induced nociceptive behavior and tactile allodynia. In addition to acting as an antioxidant and enhancing cerebral circulation, pyritinol was also able to scavenge oxygen free radicals. When given to older mice, it also increased the concentration of the primary excitatory neurotransmitter n-methyl-d-aspartate. Pyritinol may be beneficial in treating learning and memory disorders brought on by malnutrition and deprivation, according to the results of a rat study. Improvements in response time tests but not in memory tests were observed in a study of healthy human males given pyritinol. Children with cerebral palsy have experienced a significant improvement in their learning capacity and motor development after receiving intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate and pyritinol. In human patients with cerebrovascular disorders, the combined effects of vinpocetine and pyritinol also reduced blood and plasma viscosity. Pyritinol can be used safely as an adjunct to any standard treatment of CNS diseases, such as developmental dysphasia and other cognitive disorders, for which there are currently few therapeutic options, due to its status as a dietary supplement in some nations. Even after repeated oral administration, no substance accumulation was seen, and even in patients with impaired renal function, toxic concentrations were not attained.
In real life, underdosing is typical. The amount taken should be 600 mg or more, but the minimum recommended daily dose is 300 mg, divided into three sub-doses. Non-specific skin reactions, headaches, oral mucosal inflammation, acute pancreatitis, diarrhea, nausea, and appetite loss are frequent side effects. Despite the fact that pyritinol crosses the placenta, tests on mice and rats revealed no teratogenic or embryotoxic effects.
Despite the fact that only trace amounts of pyritinol are excreted in human milk, careful consideration should still be given before administering any doses during lactation or pregnancy.
Vinpocetine
The lesser periwinkle, Vinca minor, contains the vincamine alkaloid, which is converted to vinpocetine semi-synthetically. Ex vivo studies have demonstrated vinpocetine’s ability to inhibit platelet aggregation, reduce blood viscosity, vasodilate cerebral arteries, and increase cerebral blood flow.
Vinpocetine also acts as a potent voltage-gated sodium channel blocker and a selective inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type I Ex vivo, vinpocetine improved brain cell tolerance to hypoxia and increased glucose and oxygen consumption through brain tissue. Vinpocetine changed the metabolism of glucose to more energy-efficient aerobic processes in vitro, interacted with glutamate receptors, and elevated brain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels.
Thus, vinpocetine provides both in vitro and in vivo significant and direct neuroprotection. For many years, this vasoactive alkaloid has been promoted as a supplement to vasodilators and nootropics to enhance memory. It is also regarded as a substance that is active in the treatment of stroke and other illnesses, such as circulatory issues in the brain.
To avoid having a hypersensitive reaction to it, it is advised that users only take 2–5 mg the first time. The dosage can then be increased to 10–30 mg per day, which has the potential to occasionally result in side effects like nausea, dry mouth, vertigo, headaches, and heartburn.
Vinpocetine use is not advised during lactation or during pregnancy.
Naftidrofuryl
Naftidrofuryl is a chemical ester of 2-(diethylamino)ethanol and 2-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)-3-(2-oxolanyl)propanoic acid. In order to improve walking and provide symptomatic relief, naftidrofuryl, a vasodilator with positive rheological effects on blood, has been used to treat intermittent claudication for many years/ The in vitro effects of naftidrofuryl on deoxyglucose uptake and glucose utilization have been demonstrated.
Additionally, naftidrofuryl inhibited the hypoxia-induced decrease in ATP levels in fibroblasts and endothelial cells in vitro. In vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation caused by serotonin and epinephrine was inhibited. It inhibited serotonin-induced blood vessel contractions in mouse brains by having an antagonistic effect on platelets’ and vascular smooth muscle cells’ 5-HT2 receptors. Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is an endogenous neurotransmitter that binds to 5-HT2 receptors, a subfamily of 5-HT receptors.
Serotonin plays a key role in atherosclerosis-causing vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. The effects of naftidrofuryl on atherosclerosis were later demonstrated in a number of animal models. It also improved spatial information storage and exhibited nootropic effects in rats. Naftidrofuryl increased erythrocyte deformability and flow in a study conducted on human volunteers under double-blind conditions. The fact that the lactate/pyruvate ratio was reduced as a result of exercise in healthy human volunteers raises the possibility that naftidrofuryl improves the efficiency of aerobic metabolism in oxygen-depleted tissues.
Additionally, it has a favorable impact on how the neuron uses its energy. Alzheimer’s disease, senile dementia, and cardiovascular diseases are all treated with naftidrofuryl. Naftidrofuryl should be given orally at a dose of 300 to 600 mg/day in three divided sub-doses, swallowed whole, to treat patients with mild to moderate occlusive peripheral arterial disease. The metabolism of naftidrofuryl may be slower in elderly patients.
Therefore, for these patients, the dose might need to be reduced.
Naftidrofuryl is well tolerated, and it rarely causes side effects. Although the majority of these are digestive issues, liver damage has been reported once.
Dihydroergotoxine
The compound known as dihydroergotoxine is a mixture of the methanesulfonate salts of the dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids dihydroergocornine (DHCO), dihydroergocristine (DHEC), alpha-dihydroergocryptine (-DHC), and beta-dihydroergocryptine (-DHC). One of the earliest nootropics still in use, the drug was created by Albert Hofmann in the 1940s.
It was initially used to treat hypertension, but later it was discovered, by chance, that patients with Alzheimer’s disease who were being treated for hypertension had better mental health. In rats, dihydroergotoxine stimulated local glucose utilization in the regions of the brain associated with learning and memory and increased neuronal metabolism. Patients with multi-infarct dementia between the ages of 74 and 79 have reported experiencing a similar effect. Dihydroergotoxine decreased monoamine oxidase enzyme levels, which are typically elevated in old age and modulated synaptic neurotransmission in the brains of elderly rats. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and adrenaline are catecholamine neurotransmitters that are depleted by monoamine oxidases, which are crucial for the normal metabolism of the brain. This impairs mental function.
In a rat experiment, hydergine increased the number of cholinergic receptors and controlled the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the hippocampus. Additionally, lipofuscin’s release was slowed by dihydroergotoxine, which has been linked to the deterioration of neurons in old rats. Both the peripheral and cerebral vasodilators, hydergine. It increased cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in monkeys.
Dihydroergotoxine shields the brain from hypoxia as well. Volunteers inhaled a mixture of gases that simulated high altitude conditions in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, quantitative EEG and psychometric study. This caused hypoxia, which decreased alertness, intellectual function, and performance depending on reaction time.
However, following the oral administration of hydergine, subjects who underwent the same conditions again experienced noticeably better outcomes. It is primarily used in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and post-traumatic dementia.
It is non-toxic and generally safe, but it may cause nausea, indigestion, orthostatic hypotension, and blurred vision as side effects. It should not be used if you have hypotension, psychosis, or a slow heartbeat.
Low doses are frequently used in real life. Up to 6 mg per day is suggested. The effect of ergot alkaloids is enhanced when combined with piracetam and xanthine derivatives, which have bronchodilator and vasodilatory effects, respectively.
(Lecithin) Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylcholine is a member of the class of substances known as phospholipids, which make up the majority of the lipids in cell membranes. Commercial lecithin is an oil-based mixture of these phospholipids. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerols are the other ingredients that are most common in supplements that contain lecithin. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids are examples of fatty acids found in lecithin that are ester-linked to phosphatides. Soybean and sunflower oils are the main sources of lecithin used in commercial products today. Additionally, lecithin can be found in nut kernels, whole grain products, liver, and egg yolk.
As a precursor for the synthesis of acetylcholine, choline is slowly released from lecithin in accordance with the proposed mechanism of action. Lecithin’s mechanism of action seems to be obvious, but clinical trial results on its efficacy were less than convincing.
According to in vivo research findings, giving phosphatidylcholine to mice with a dementia model increased acetylcholine levels in the brain and enhanced memory. Lecithin does not appear to be beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease patients, according to the findings of randomized in vivo studies. The data imply that inconsistent results may be caused by an inability to control the subject’s learning levels.
Supplemental phosphatidylcholine may not always improve memory, which raises the possibility that the dosage and duration necessary to produce a therapeutic effect may depend on factors unique to each individual subject. In comparison to healthy subjects with normal endogenous choline levels, students who have low levels of endogenous choline may experience a greater increase from phosphatidylcholine supplements, leading to a measurable improvement in explicit memory.
The fact that a person needs a higher concentration of lecithin in their blood to have a positive effect as they age is likely related to many signs of aging. Lecithin should be taken for prevention in doses of 1200 mg three times per day. The dosage for patients should be at least 10-15 g/day.
Panax Ginseng, or Ginseng
Ginseng is processed in one of two ways, depending on the amount of active ingredients and the strength of the therapeutic effects desired. It can be altered by peeling and drying the root, in which case it is known as white ginseng, or by steaming the root without peeling, in which case it is known as the “hotter” red ginseng.
Nitric oxide (NO) production has been demonstrated to be stimulated by ginsenosides in a number of systems. Human aortic endothelial cells cultured in vitro with purified ginsenoside Rb1 were induced to produce NO. The vasorelaxant and mildly hypotensive effects of ginseng are caused by its impact on the NO pathway.
In vivo, ginseng boosted the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in rats. In order to avoid increased oxidant accumulation and age-related oxidative protein and nucleic acid damage, supplements are recommended. In a rat model, ginsenoside also decreased simulated Alzheimer’s disease. As a result, it might someday be applied as a therapeutic agent for people who suffer from memory loss. By significantly increasing the expression of proteins linked to synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, such as synaptophysin and n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1, ginsenoside Rg1 supplementation improved the performance of old mice in the behavioral test.
Rats’ memories were enhanced by oral administration of a mixture of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng extracts. Data on the effects of study drugs on rats suggested that a serotonergic transporter was involved as an important neurochemical correlate of rat behavior and memory effects. Ginseng has what is known as an adaptogenic effect on the human body. It reduced fatigue, improved the organism’s physical and mental toughness, and assisted the body in molding itself to any present requirements.
It is advised to take a standardized ginseng extract for a prolonged period of time at a dose of 200 mg per day. Ginsenoside concentrations are standardized and typically range from 1.5 to 7%. As an alternative, taking 0.5 to 2 g of dry root of ginseng every day is advised. Ginseng should not be taken by people who have hypertension or acute asthma. In excess, it can stimulate the body excessively, resulting in restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, high blood pressure, difficulty concentrating, headaches, and nosebleeds.
Ginkgo Biloba
From early spring to late summer, the leaves and ripe fruit are harvested. To make alcohol extracts (tinctures), leaves are either dried and ground. Ginkgo kernels that have been hulled and roasted are also eaten. Free radical scavenging for antioxidant activity, antagonistic effects on platelet-activating factor, vasodilation, and a general decrease in blood viscosity are some of the mechanisms of action of Ginkgo biloba compounds.
Ginkgo biloba extract had specific neuroprotective effects that were demonstrated in an ex vivo rat study, and these effects may be helpful in treating chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. The pharmacological action of the extract involved cholinergic system and inflammatory mediator modulation. Ginkgo biloba extract contains triterpene lactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, and bilobalide) that have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
Additionally, the extract had an antagonistic effect on glycine and GABA type A receptors in a mouse experiment. Working memory and information processing speed significantly improved in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial where participants underwent validated neuropsychological tests before and after treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract.
On the other hand, a critical analysis of the data from several randomized clinical trials failed to produce compelling evidence that Ginkgo biloba extracts, whether taken in a single dose or over an extended period of time, had a positive impact on any aspect of cognitive performance in healthy human subjects under the age of sixty. Nevertheless, Ginkgo biloba extracts are frequently prescribed to treat neurological disorders and cerebral dysfunction. Standardized Ginkgo biloba extracts (24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpene lactones) should be taken in doses of 120–300 mg daily.
Regular dosages have not been associated with any negative side effects, but excessive consumption can occasionally cause mild stomach discomfort and headaches. People taking certain anticoagulants shouldn’t take the medication prior to surgery because it thins the blood.
Centella Asiatica, also known as Asian Pennywort
Traditional medicine uses of centella are numerous and vary by region. Fresh leaves are eaten as a salad, as a component of curry spice blends, or cooked as a vegetable in the countries of origin. a C. extract in ethanol. asiatica modulated the antioxidant defense system in cells in vitro, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels, to protect against amyloid-induced aggregated neurotoxicity.
The traditional remedy asiatica has potent antioxidant properties that lessen the buildup of amyloid in the brain. The primary component of the senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles found in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients is amyloid-. This demonstrates C’s possible therapeutic and preventive benefits. Pure asiaticoside and methanol or ethyl acetate extracts of Centella asiatica were found to have anxiolytic activity in in vivo tests on rats in a maze that monitored social interactions, locomotor activity, and cage tests. Additionally, asiaticoside had no effect on locomotor activity, indicating that it has no sedative properties. The protective effect of Centella asiatica against anxiety brought on by lack of sleep, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in another in vivo study in mice. This study also suggested that a NO modulating mechanism may be involved in this effect. An aqueous extract of C. demonstrated the nootropic effect in a study on young adult and juvenile mice. asiatica. Hippocampal CA3 neurons’ dendritic arborization and acetylcholinesterase activity were both elevated as a result of the treatment. therefore, C-treatment. asiatica can influence neuronal morphology and support brain function during the postnatal developmental stage.
The recommended daily dosage of vitamin C. Approximately 600 mg of dried leaves, or 60 to 120 mg of standardized vitamin C extract, make up asiatica. triterpenoid glycosides) (contains at least 85% of these compounds). Clinical studies indicate that oral administration of Centella extracts is generally well tolerated, and there are no known interactions with other medications.
Despite the fact that there have been no teratogenic effects reported, the medication should not be used while pregnant or nursing. It is also not advised for use by children.
Withania Somnifera, or Ashwagandha
The leaves and roots are harvested and primarily used in dried form. The leaves are used to make an infusion, and the root is used to make a decoction. Fruit can occasionally be taken as an emetic. Ashwagandha was found to increase the amount of hemoglobin, platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells in a mouse study. Greater maximum aerobic capacity is ensured by an increase in red blood cells, which also increase the blood’s capacity to transport oxygen to the peripheral system.
Another study used rats as a model for tardive dyskinesia, a condition marked by involuntary neurological triggering that causes repetitive, spontaneous body movements like grimacing, sticking out the tongue, and lip movements that were simulated by reserpine injection. The pathophysiology of this illness involves lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress.
Withania somnifera root extract was given to the rats over an extended period of time, and it significantly decreased lipid peroxidation, restored low glutathione levels, and undid the decline in brain superoxide dismutase and catalase levels brought on by reserpine treatment. As a result, Withania somnifera root extract may be an effective medication for treating tardive dyskinesia brought on by drugs.
The nootropic effect of ashwagandha and its potential as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease have been confirmed by numerous studies in animal models. Another study found that the bioactive substance withaferin, a steroidal lactone belonging to the withanolides family, had potent anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo. The recommended dosage ranges from 6 to 10 g of ground ashwagandha roots per day, which is equal to 750 mg to 1250 mg of extract. When a woman is pregnant or has hyperthyroidism, ashwagandha is not advised.
When taken at the recommended dosages, the medication is comparatively safe. Because gastrointestinal issues and vomiting can result from overdoses, treatment should begin with low doses and be gradually increased. Due to the herbal extract’s potential to act as a sedative in high doses, ashwagandha is best consumed in the evening.
Bacopa Monnieri
It is occasionally used as a leafy vegetable in salads or soups in nations where it grows naturally. Bacopa monnieri methanol extract significantly reduced the harm caused by high NO concentrations when applied to rat astrocytes in vitro. The study findings supported the antioxidant activity of Brahmi plant extract, which has been proposed to produce NO by an enzyme-independent mechanism when stimulated by superoxide radicals.
An alcoholic extract of Bacopa monnieri was administered to albino rats, which resulted in increased protein kinase activity and an increase in protein in the hippocampus. The extract has enhanced memory retention and cognitive function, which has improved learning overall.
Bacosides A and B, a combination of two saponins, have been found to be the chemical compounds in this facilitating effect. In comparison to control mice, the expression of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus was examined in olfactory bulbectomy mice. Olfactory bulbectomy decreased cholinergic activity, which in turn decreased the expression of choline acetyltransferase in the hippocampus.
Bacopa monnieri alcohol extract was then administered, which reversed this effect and gradually improved the induced cognitive dysfunction. Bacopa monnieri alcohol extract enhanced escape latency in the Morris water maze test in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease.
Additionally, the density of cholinergic neurons and the loss of neurons were both lessened. Research suggests that the herb Bacopa monnieri is a cognitive enhancer and neuroprotectant and may function as a potential adjunctive drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease because it inhibits the degeneration of cholinergic neurons.
Adults should take 5–12 mL of the liquid extract of Bacopa monnieri per day, while children aged 6–12 should take 2.5–6 mL. It is suggested that adults take 200–400 mg in divided doses of bacopa monnieri extracts standardized at 20% content of bacosides A and B and children take 100–200 mg daily in divided doses. There have not been any severe side effects reported. After consumption, mild sedation or digestive issues may sporadically occur.
Paullinia Cupana, the Guarana
At full maturity, the seeds, also known as “guarana nuts,” are harvested. They are first roasted, then mechanically crushed, sieved, and combined with water to create a bitter paste with a lot of caffeine. Guarana paste and hot water are simmered to create a coffee-like beverage. Additionally, guarana paste is added to syrups, and different alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks are made from it. These drinks are primarily popular in Brazil. Guarana paste may occasionally be dried, powdered, and used to make tablets.
Guarana was found to have anxiolytic and panicolytic effects in an in vivo study where rats were repeatedly given the aqueous fraction of Paullinia cupana seeds before being put in a T-maze, a model of generalized anxiety and panic disorders.
The Morris water maze test was used to examine the effects of long-term administration of Paullinia cupana seed extract by gavage to rats at various doses on their cognitive behavior.
Rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia and controls showed the same results. Guarana suspension-fed mice significantly increased their physical stamina in response to stressful situations like forced swimming. A passive avoidance test in rats and mice showed that guarana partially reversed the amnesic effect of scopolamine after both single and chronic administration, indicating a beneficial effect on memory development.
According to studies, ingesting processed Paullinia cupana seeds had a sizable nootropic effect. A useful adjunct therapeutic option for treating or preventing memory deficits like those seen in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease may be provided by herbal medications that exhibit this property.
A tablet containing 75 mg of guarana extract, or about 12% caffeine, is the usual dosage. Guarana should not be consumed by anyone who has heart disease, is pregnant or nursing, has diabetes, insomnia, mental health issues, stomach ulcers, or who is taking theophylline.
Eleuthero
The root is used as a tincture, as well as being powdered and made into tablets. It is also occasionally used to inject the above-ground components. Eleuthero has been shown to have antioxidant and antiradical properties in vitro, including the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
An eleuthero aqueous extract reduced acute stress in mice during an in vivo study. The effects of an aqueous extract from eleuthero leaves on memory function were investigated in a study using healthy mice.
These in-vivo studies demonstrated that oral administration of the extract enhanced memory functions, and ex vivo studies supported the idea that the extract’s active ingredients, such as eleutheroside M and ciwujianoside B and C3, could pass through the BBB and exert their effects on the brain. This trio of substances, along with the leaf extract, exhibited dendritic elongation activity against primary cultured cortical neurons, which may be connected to better memory.
Additionally, studies on healthy volunteers found that the eleuthero active ingredients have an impact on lipid metabolism, physical fitness, and cell defense. Chronic lead poisoning in mine workers has been treated using the extract’s detoxifying properties. Additionally, Siberian ginseng has been applied to cosmetics. Eleuthero is to be taken orally once or twice daily in doses of 2-3 g of dried root or an equivalent preparation.
According to the Russian Pharmacopeia, a standardized liquid extract of the roots and rhizomes of Eleutherococcus senticosus is currently offered as an over-the-counter medication in a ratio of 1:1 with 40% ethanol (10 mg of the extract is equivalent to 120 mg of the crude herb). In the Russian medical system, an adult should take 20–40 drops of this extract orally each day.
However, more study is required to determine the best dosing schedule to enhance the cognitive function and physical performance of healthy adults. Rarely do side effects occur. Eleuthero raises blood pressure, so it is not advised to use it if you have hypertension.
Rhodiola Rosea
Older plants’ rhizomes and roots are collected, dried, and then used to prepare extracts. An in vitro investigation found that the phenylpropanoid glycoside salidroside, which was isolated from R. rosea L., demonstrated a protective effect in cultured PC12 neuronal cells against hypoglycemia and serum-restricted cytotoxicity, most likely by altering the expression of genes linked to apoptosis, restoring the potential of the mitochondrial membrane, and reducing the generation of intracellular oxygen radicals. The effects of a single oral dose of R’s aqueous-alcoholic extract—which was made by extracting plant material with 2% ethanol diluted with tap water—were examined in an in vivo study. mice’s CNS activity was affected by rosea containing 1% salidroside and 3% rosavin. Predictive behavioral tests in the animal model were used to assess the extract’s adaptogenic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, nociceptive, and locomotor activity at different doses.
According to the finding, this extract significantly induced adaptogenic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and stimulating effects; however, the effects were not dose-dependent. A different trial looked at R’s impact. pink L. In moderately anxious students, the effects of the extract on mood, anxiety, stress, and cognition were assessed. After receiving treatment for two weeks, the experimental group demonstrated a significantly lower level of anxiety, stress, anger, confusion, and depression as well as an improvement in general mood compared to the control group.
However, there was no discernible difference between the groups in terms of cognitive performance. For long-term use, 100–170 mg of rhodiola extract per day was recommended, with a rosavin content of 3.6–6.14 mg per weight of the extract. This would indicate consuming 360–600 mg of standardized Rhodiola rosea extract with 1% rosavin per day.
So far, no harmful side effects have been found. It is not advised for patients with manic-depressive psychosis because it affects human nature.
Children, women who are expecting or nursing, and people with high blood pressure should also avoid taking rhodiola.
Schisandra Chinensis
Fruits and seeds are frequently used components. Crushed seeds can be used to make a tincture, and dried berries, shoots, and leaves can be used to make a tea. The fruits are consumed dried or marinated in sugar or honey to make jam, syrup, juice, or compote. They may also be frozen for storage. In addition to syrups and juices, a strong sweet wine can be made from the juice of the berries.
Schisandra fruits are known to the people of the Far East primarily as a tonic and stimulant against fatigue and exhaustion. An in vitro study was performed to determine the neuroprotective effects of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan, schisantherin A, from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis against selective dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neural damage in human neuroblastoma cells. Pretreatment with schisantherin A provided neuroprotection against induced cytotoxicity, regulated the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inhibited NO overproduction by reducing the overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cells.
In other in vitro and in vivo experiments, SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cells were incubated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion, and mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine were used to determine neuroprotection of schisantherin A. Pretreatment with schisantherin A significantly inhibited the induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.
In addition, schisantherin A provided significant protection against induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. These findings demonstrate that schisantherin A may have potential therapeutic value for oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease. In vivo cognitive tests such as the Morris water maze and the passive step-down avoidance tests were performed with rats given oral doses of aqueous or 95% ethanolic extract of Schisandra chinensis (petroleum ether fraction) and showed that the extract could partially reverse the effects of decreasing activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and the overall antioxidant effect induced by d-galactose, and to maintain normal levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in serum, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. The extract improved the overall induced cognitive deficit.
The optimal dose of dried schisandra fruit for human administration is 2–6 g per day. For an average human body weight of 60 kg, the dose is 0.03–0.1 g of fruit per kg of body weight. No serious side effects have been reported. Side effects have only occurred after regular ingestion of excessive amounts of fruits and included restlessness and insomnia.
Maca (Lepidium Meyenii)
Maca root is consumed either fresh or dried and has a distinctive taste and aroma. In South America, a sweet porridge or pudding called mazamorra de maca is made from dried roots, while the fresh root is cooked like potatoes. It can also be ground into flour, with a composition similar to cereal grains. A slightly alcoholic beverage called maca chica is made from the maca plant. Many growers mix and grind the leaves with the roots.
Polysaccharide fractions from maca leaves showed different in vitro scavenging capacities on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals. Researchers have recently been interested in the neuroprotective effects of Lepidium meyenii. Experiments in vivo and ex vivo tests have shown the effect of Lepidium meyenii in reducing latency in untrained and trained mice. In the swimming strength test, maca shortened the immobility time. It also increased the uterine weight of mice after ovariectomy. Lepidium meyenii appeared to positively affect latent learning in ovariectomized mice and exhibited antidepressant activity. Maca improved cognitive function, motor coordination, and endurance in middle-aged mice, increased mitochondrial respiratory function, and upregulated proteins associated with autophagy in the cortex.
These findings suggested that maca might be an effective functional food to slow age-related cognitive decline.
The optimal dose has not been determined; however, the amount of maca root powder used in many studies was in the range of 1.5–3 g per day for the average human adult.
So far, no serious side effects or contraindications to the extracts have been reported. Maca seems to be safe, effective, and non-toxic.
Conclusion
Nootropics are a heterogeneous group of drugs that affect the metabolism of neuronal cells in the central nervous system. They mainly improve cognitive function, especially in cases where there is damage or degeneration.
Most of these substances do not have an immediate effect after a single administration and must be used for some length of time before there is a measurable improvement. They are used in acute, subacute, and chronic conditions of memory, consciousness, and learning disorders and as a supportive treatment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, hyperkinetic disorder, or senile dementia.
Nootropics are usually very well tolerated. Side effects are rare and typically mild, but some complications can occur. For example, people with cardiovascular disease should not use guarana. This is probably due to the relatively high caffeine content. The available literature suggests that the cardiovascular effects experienced by those consuming up to 600 mg of caffeine per day are, in most cases, mild, transient, and reversible, with no permanent adverse effect. A typical dose of guarana is 75 mg of extract (approximately 12% caffeine) taken as a tablet. Each such tablet, therefore, contains an average of 9 mg of caffeine. Therefore, in order to get close to the limit of 600 mg of caffeine, a person would have to consume around 66 of these tablets per day. A nootropic that could help in this case is naftidrofuryl, which functions as a vasodilator with rheological effects on the blood and is directly used in treating cardiovascular disorders.
Some nootropics can also affect psychiatric problems; for example, rhodiola is not recommended for patients with manic-depressive psychosis, and dihydroergotoxine is also contraindicated in psychosis.
An expert should be consulted before the use of any of these nootropics. Ginseng and eleuthero are contraindicated in patients with hypertension. Ginkgo causes blood thinning, so people taking certain anticoagulants should not take it, for example, before surgery. Additionally, ashwagandha is best taken in the evening because it can act as a sedative in large doses. It is also indicated by its Latin name Withania somnifera, where the Latin species name somnifera means “sleep-inducing.”
Therefore, nootropics users should consider their state of health and mood before deciding to try a certain compound; however, if the recommended dosage is followed, no serious complications should occur.
Here are some of the most common symptoms associated with common chemical imbalances. Following that, are how certain supplements, medications, and drugs affect these various chemicals. If something is left blank, that means I was unable to find information one way or another. If something is marked “n/a,” that means there is little to no effect done in that regard. If you crave wellness, read on!
Low Dopamine • You lack motivation • You’re tired • You can’t concentrate • You’re moody or anxious • You don’t feel pleasure from previously enjoyable experiences • You’re depressed; you feel hopeless • You have a low sex drive
High Norepinephrine • High blood pressure (hypertension) • Rapid or irregular heartbeat • Excessive sweating • Cold or pale skin • Severe headaches • Nervous feeling, jitters • Pheochromocytoma, which is an adrenal gland tumor Low Gaba • Anxiety • Depression • Insomnia
Low Cortisol • Fatigue and morning sluggishness • Depression • Anxiety • Weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to infection and sickness • Loss of resilience in stressful situations • Brain fog or mid-day lack of focus • Cravings for salty or sweet foods
High Cortisol • rapid weight gain mainly in the face, chest and abdomen contrasted with slender arms and legs • a flushed and round face • high blood pressure • osteoporosis • skin changes (bruises and purple stretch marks) • muscle weakness • mood swings, which show as anxiety, depression or irritability.
Ashwagandha Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Down GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Up
Lion’s Mane Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Up Cortisol: Up Testosterone: Down
Curcumin Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Histamine: Down Cortisol: Up Testosterone: Up
Valerian Root Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Cortisol: Down Testosterone:
Skullcap Serotonin: Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Down Cortisol: Testosterone: ‘
Magnolia Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Down
Ginkgo Biloba Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Down Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Up
Melatonin Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Down GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Up
Chamomile Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone:
L-theanine Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Up
L-glycine Serotonin: Up Dopamine: N/A GABA: Norepinephrine: Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone:
Taurine Serotonin: Dopamine: GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Cortisol: Down Testosterone: NAC Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Down GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Up Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Down
Sceletium Tortuosa Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Down
Passionflower Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Up
Hops Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Histamine: Down Cortisol: Testosterone: Up
Lemon Balm Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Up
Lavendar Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Up
Kava Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Down Oxytocin: Histamine: Cortisol: Down Testosterone:
Fenugreek Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Down GABA: Norepinephrine: Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Up
Sulbutiamine Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Down GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Histamine: Up Cortisol: Testosterone:
Lithium Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Down Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Up Testosterone: Down
Gabapentin Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Down GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: N/A Oxytocin: Histamine: Cortisol: Down Testosterone: N/A
Ritalin Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: N/A Histamine: Up Cortisol: Up Testosterone: Down
Adderall Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Up Cortisol: Up Testosterone: Down
Wellbutrin Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Up Cortisol: Up Testosterone: Up
Hydroxyzine Serotonin: Down Dopamine: Down GABA: N/A Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Down Oxytocin: Down Histamine: Down Cortisol: Testosterone:
Tiagabine Serotonin: Dopamine: Down GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Cortisol: Down Testosterone:
Clonazepam Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Down Oxytocin: Histamine: Cortisol: Down Testosterone:
Galantamine Serotonin: Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Histamine: Cortisol: Up Testosterone:
Tylenol Serotonin: Up Dopamine: GABA: Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Down Histamine: Up Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Down
NSAIDs Serotonin: Dopamine: GABA: Norepinephrine: Acetylcholine: Oxytocin: Histamine: Cortisol: Down Testosterone: Down
THC Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Down Norepinephrine: Down Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Up Testosterone:
CBD Serotonin: Up Dopamine: Up GABA: Up Norepinephrine: Up Acetylcholine: Up Oxytocin: Up Histamine: Down Cortisol: Down Testosterone:
If there are supplements, drugs, or medications that you would like me to include in part 2, just let me know.
